Essay --

More tragic play The tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark is the most touristy works of William Shakespeare. Probably the popularity of this play lies in the use of character of Hamlet in exemplifying the human mind through its complex workings. Hamlets internal dilemma of making the decision whether he should revenge the death of his father or not was a crucial turn in his feel as the subject of mind was the main reason which effected the decision power one defecates in his life. His uncle Claudius was the one who murdered his father and the moment when the stalk of Hamlets father appears and asks Hamlet as to when the revenge of his foul and most unnatural murder is to take place. From this point onward Hamlet is to a lower place a constant dilemma. He does not find himself ready to take the revenge. If Hamlet had killed Claudius at the first opportunity than the revenge would have been taken precisely his internal dilemma would have never been solved. This play became very popular and the reason for the popularity was Shakespeares use of the character Hamlet and through this character he has tried to exemplify the complex workings of humans mind. Shakespeare used emotion, reason and attitude of Hamlet to allow the readers to form an opinion or make a judgment about the basic aspects of the life of human beings. The reason the prince could not take the revenge of his fathers death was that he was a man of great moral integrity and to take revenge was an act which was against his deepest principals. Some of the other behaviors of the prince was that after the death of his father Hamlet became so disenchanted with his life that he lost all his desire and will to take any kind of revenge. Due to the delay in revenge Shakespeare was able to sire th... ...a proper burial for her brother and in Oedipus the King son has killed his father and married his mother while Glass Menagerie is the only play which is adult us the picture of real life and this the r eason that I have chosen this play as my favorite. This play is more tragic of the above plays as it is a tragedy emerging from real life. The condition of the apartment shown in the play is very much common in the country. In poor countries even worse apartments are found. In the play all the characters are going through a frustration and no one is happy from his present state of mind. The wife is lonely as her husband has left the home. The son and girlfriend are not satisfied as the son is planning to escape and the daughter is playing the records over and over again to show her frustration. This play is a true tragedy found in the richest country of the world.

Women and Politics Essay -- Sarah Palin

Introduction (Literature Review)When womanlys started entering the political scene in the United States in significant numbers in the latter parts of the 20th century, they were faced with a number of predicaments. One of these predicaments centered around the language they were to use in the political arena. As members of the other group, women were forced, in many ways, to adopt the speech patterns of their male counterparts. As Blankenship & Robson pointed out in their research, Once women were allowed a modest entr sic onto the political playing field, they either had to speak the dominant language of power and prove themselves tough enough or remain forever the linguistic sissy (354). inside the past couple of decades, however, the roles of women collectively in society and politics have changed drastically, prompting some to question whether feminine political discourse still exists and if so, to what extent. virtually the mid to late-1980s, literature on the musical theme of feminine discourse in politics first began to surface in abundance possibly as a result of the Democratic Partys nomination of Geraldine Ferraro as the first female vice presidential candidate on a major political party ticket in 1984. Originally, feminine discourse was merely a speech pattern characterized by its personal tone, references to personal experience, inductive reasoning, the use of anecdotes and examples as evidence, auditory modality participation, and identification between the speaker and audience (Campbell, 1989, p. 13). Since that time, however, it has evolved tremendously. In fact, Dow and Tonn (1993) asserted through their study of Texas governor Ann Richards speeches that this new feminine speech was an alternative political philosophy ... ... is incredibly new and full of ambiguity. As mentioned before, there is a great deal of knowledge that has yet to be uncovered on the topic of gender and political discourse particularly with regards to female cand idates at the national level. As the scope of politics in America continues to change, and as more female politicians become figures on the national stage, the importance of research of this nature. However, through this particular study at hand, I intend to highlight the commonalities in female politicians movement of their feminine identities through discourse in go fors of coming to a conclusion of what feminine political discourse looks like in this decade. In doing so, I hope to establish the groundwork for future discussion on the evolution of discourse used by female candidates seeking political offices, a topic that is rarely discussed.

Educating Rita By Willy Russell and The Social, Historical And Cultural Context Of Britain In The Late 1970s :: Educating Rita russell Essays

Educating Rita By Willy Russell and The Social, Historical And Cultural Context Of Britain In The Late 1970sEducating Rita by Willy Russell relates to the social, diachronicand cultural context of Britain in the late 1970s throughout the playand this extremely strong and believ fit reference to these threesubjects contribute to a good homo of drama.Willy Russell makes these references in everything, from thesmallest detail, Ritas hair colour to the extreme stereotyping ofeach of the two classes. These experiences are based on Russellsown life and the character of Rita is a mirror of him, because ofthis it is a strong and realistic account of the 1970s. Rita hasshared the same experiences as Russell in both school and work, theywere both under pier pressure not to do well and school and would besingled out if they studied.Rita But studyin was just for wimps, wasnt it? See, if Idstarted takin school seriously I would have become different from memates, an thats not allowed.Because of this attitude to school, or the attitude school gave them,both Rita and Russell ended up in a dead end hairdressing job, butboth of them decided they would change there life and both began tobreak away. I think that because so much reference is realistic due tothe above, an audience of 1979 or 1980 when they play was shown wouldhave been able to relate so well to the characters, especially peoplein there twenties or forties now because they would be able toremember what it was corresponding for them when they went to school oruniversity and they would be filled with past memories and emotions, asign of good drama, something that can evoke emotions.During the play the characters of Rita and Frank are the biggestdemonstration of cultural difference. Rita represents the workingclass culture and stands for what they were, a class who strived toescape their dead end jobs and make a better life for themselves,Frank, on the other hand is the theatrical performance of the working class .Although some might say he is a disgrace to his culture he is aperfect example of the middle classes, someone who has it give tothem on a plate and they take it for granted.These differences are first noticed at the beginning of the play, inRitas opening scenes. She misses the ends off of her sentences thatare usually grammatically in correct she speaks in restricted code.Frank, the middle class man speaks in grammatically correct sentencesand also uses, elaborate code.

Miscegination Is Genetic Suicide:- A Critical Look At Race-m :: essays research papers

Every species on earth has its variants. For example, the differences between Wood Ducks and Mallards have evolved for specific reasons - namely, those which best escort the survival of the Duck species in assorted environments. The same applies to humans. The Negro race has evolved under a certain set of conditions and those conditions differed vastly from those under which the Nordic Indo-Aryan race evolved. Whereas the Nordic Aryan needed warmth and shelter in the cold climates of Europe and consequently developed a more hairy bole, coruscation skin, and a narrow shaped nose among other things, the Negro, lavishing in the hot climate of Africa, needed cooling and therefore devoloped a flatter nose, a body with minimal hair, and a flatter, broader nose. This type of genetic diversity which has evolved over many thousands of years in order to better adapt us for our respective environments is cosmos destroyed with miscegination - that is - "race-mixing".As every speci es in the world developed, its sub-species and its further strains and breeds under those have evolved for a very specific reason - the preservation of the species, and ultimately, life itself. to each one species is like a tree, with hundreds of setoffes, each leading to thousands of other branches. Each branch of the tree is slightly different from the one beside it, due to living in a different environment it has had to adapt and the resulting differences are due to the combination - the formula - of genes, which has survived the best in whatever environment it has encountered. Because of this branching of the species, whenever a particular disease, a natural phenomenon, or a new predator has arrived on the scene, the species has always been diverse enough to continue, as there will be one branch of the tree which has the immunity, adapted over time, in order to defend itself or escape from the catastrophe. This method, special branching, has ensured the survival of various sp ecies for thousands of years, and is in fact the reason for the existance of different species.Since the beginning billions of years ago when God reached down and fused the base elements of life into a single-cell organism, thats how long this process has been taking place. As the amoeba of life spread to different parts of a world that was just beginning to take shape, it encountered different challenges for survival, the cells that couldnt survive died and the one or two mutated cells that could survive continued, multiplying and dictatorial each particular environment.

Networking :: essays research papers

The main purpose of this project was to change the network architecture in such a way as to allow lab computers easier network ingress without being bound by lengthy network wiring. The lab computers be often moved around from project to project and easy network chafe was becoming a problem. After a detailed analysis of the up-to-the-minute setup, it was determined that installing a wireless network in addition to the existing landline network would provide the best solution. The following describes the final condition (see diagram on page 4).Internet access is provided by a DSL modem affiliated to a router. The router in turn has two connections into it. One is a wireless Ethernet access point, which provides access to the network for all wireless computers, mainly from the lab. Two is an Ethernet switch which interfaces the remaining landline Ethernet computers. A print server is connected to the switch to allow network printing access.Configuration of the router is accompli shed via a web browser and logging into a specific local I.P. address on the router. The built in EPROM has software running on it which allows easy configuration of the functions. These functions include configuring the DHCP server, security settings, firewalls, access restrictions, etc. Configuration the wireless access point is also done via a similar interface a USB cable us used to connect to the access point firmware and configure the SSID on the network as well as the WEP key for secure wireless communications.The operating systems present on the various computers include Microsoft Windows 98, NT, 2000 and XP Professional. These provide a friendly user interface to the operators and, because they are from the same vendor, they interoperate efficiently. Because of their age, Windows 98 and NT are in the process of being phased out in favor of Windows XP Professional.Typical information flow when transferring a file from the lab to a desktop computer for analysis would involve the data from the lab being sent wirelessly to the access point. From the access point, the data is transferred to the router, which in turn forwards the file to the appropriate computer on the network. If the destination computer is physically wired to the network, the data must ply through a multi-port switch before it reaches the destination computer. Each computer on the network has a unique I.P. address assigned to it by the router and this is how it is identified.

Networking :: essays research papers

The main purpose of this project was to change the interlock architecture in such a carriage as to allow lab computers easier network inlet without being bound by lengthy network wiring. The lab computers are often moved roughly from project to project and easy network access was becoming a problem. After a detailed analysis of the current setup, it was determined that installing a wireless network in addition to the existing landline network would provide the best solution. The following describes the final configuration (see diagram on paginate 4).Internet access is provided by a DSL modem connected to a router. The router in knead has two connections into it. One is a wireless Ethernet access point, which provides access to the network for all wireless computers, mainly from the lab. Two is an Ethernet successor which embrasures the remaining landline Ethernet computers. A print server is connected to the switch to allow network printing access.Configuration of the router is accomplished via a web browser and logging into a specific local I.P. address on the router. The built in erasable programmable read-only memory has software running on it which allows easy configuration of the functions. These functions include configuring the DHCP server, security settings, firewalls, access restrictions, etc. Configuration the wireless access point is also make via a similar interface a USB cable us used to connect to the access point firmware and configure the SSID on the network as well as the WEP key for secure wireless communications.The operating systems present on the various computers include Microsoft Windows 98, NT, 2000 and XP Professional. These provide a friendly user interface to the operators and, because they are from the same vendor, they interoperate efficiently. Because of their age, Windows 98 and NT are in the process of being phased out in favor of Windows XP Professional.Typical data flow when transferring a show from the lab to a desk top computer for analysis would involve the data from the lab being sent wirelessly to the access point. From the access point, the data is transferred to the router, which in turn forwards the file to the appropriate computer on the network. If the destination computer is physically wired to the network, the data must pass through a multi-port switch before it reaches the destination computer. Each computer on the network has a unique I.P. address assigned to it by the router and this is how it is identified.

Revision for K218

These ar the chance upon points in Learning Guide 1 The children and young peoples workforce is large and diverse. Its opus raises well-nigh important questions about who works with children and in what sort of organisations. Policy and legislation increasingly vary crosswise the UK as devolution becomes more heavily established. It is important to understand the context most relevant to you, but valuable learning can also be drawn from comparing developments in variant contexts and countries. Developing the skill of reflection can enhance your learning from the module and day-to-day habituate. What are some of the key professional standards used by practitioners across the UK? What are some of the unalike ways of understanding children, young people, their families and the services that are provided for them? What knowledge, skills and values are required to support good practice? These are the key points in Learning Guide 2 There are five key themes, emphasising theories, f rameworks or aspects of working with children young people and families, which will recur end-to-end the module.Practice can be seen as consisting of three intertwined elements of knowledge, skill and values. What constitutes good or effective practice is complex and open to discussion and debate. Attempting to measure good practice through outcomes can play a role in improving practice with children and families but also has some major limitations. 3 How does brotherly constructionist speculation help with our understanding of children and families? How does practice involve relationships between children, young people, families, community and society?How does this change across time? What is a social bionomic thought and how can it help us to understand and develop practice with children, young people and families? These are the key points in Learning Guide 3 An ecological perspective is useful for making sense of the complexities that surround working with children, young peo ple and families. Ecological models can support how we think about practice and how we mould practice including policy, assessment and collaborative relationships such as multi-agency working.Ecological models are not static they need to take into consideration changes to people, communities and society across time. 4 What are the different levels that make up a web of relationships? What is social constructionism? How is social constructionism useful in understanding how the lives of children, young people and families are constructed? What are the implications of social constructionism for practice? These are the key points in Learning Guide 4Social constructionist theory argues that understandings of childhood, development and appropriate care for children and young people vary between different historical and geographical/cultural/family contexts Viewing development as a stage-based pathway is strongly embedded in practice and legislation, with understandings of children and y oung people ofttimes based on their age and perceived developmental stage Development as a stage-based pathway needs to be approached with caution as it has implications for some children and young people who are not easily accommodated within the normative assumptions of the pathway What are some of the broad ways that power operates, as identified by Foucault?

Behavorial Paper

There is one garment that bewilder had for years I dont alike anything dirty or tabu of place in my home and it is a must that the toilet induct or piece of tails remain close I can non stand for these things to happen in my home. If things are not put back where they belong I will ask who had the item and explain to them that the house doesnt odour clean when things are out of place. I come that this is a bit extreme but this is how feel about these situations. I believe that I ramp up this from my m early(a), when was very young I can remember how my mother keeping our home very, very clean it was almost sterile.All the walls were white, and the carpet was a gold discolour tit white furniture and everything was so uninfected and she kept it that way. All the children participated in keeping those white walls clean. If there was company coming over and you were at home you would have to dust and sweep all floors before company arrived. I think have modeled myself after m y mother in umteen ways, I have aunties and cousins but they did not play a part in influencing this behavior. There are things like fussing about stuff, that catch myself doing that reminds me of my mother and I have also been told by others that have a lot of her traits and ways.However know that I didnt get way I feel about toilets from her. While know that I have become a bit excessive about my habits continue to do them because I cannot concentrate if the house is dirty or out of place and I truly get mad about the toilet being open, it has become normal to me, so normal that when go over other family members home put their toilet seat down and I may clean up something over their house when all was doing is visiting. I have not tried to break the habit of cleaning but I have tried to calm it down a bit, because I onto want to offend anyone when am at their home.In away I am glad I adapted my cleanliness from my mother, but dont understand or know why cant stand the toilet seat open, I yet have my family to tell people that come over to make sure they put the seat down after they use the bathroom. From what I can remember my mother has always taught us to be very neat and clean. Saturday was always the clean-up day the consist of wiping walls and windows down and whatever else she cute you to do. No one could leave until the whole house was done inside and out. This was done very Saturday.To this day I clean my house very Saturday it is a habit and if I know company is on the way I still dust and vacuum the floor. I know that watching my mother for years civilise me to be particular about how I like my surroundings to be, but somehow I got extreme with it. This was my observational learning. Thought that this is how a person is vatic to be because thats all knew. Thought that the reason people came over was because they liked how our house was because would her them always say how beautiful everything was.In my mind I thought this is what she wanted t hem to say. I like to hear those compliments too when have someone at my home. This was the self-regulation process. Since I felt that this was a good thing I was even happier to know that I was able to do these things like my mother did. This is self-efficacy. Believe that I am good at making my surroundings good and neat and my mother likes how keep my home. This makes my mother happy to know that followed in her footsteps and in return Im happy that she likes that about me.This is self-system While I feel hat my habits are good I know that they affect my house when I get extreme with my cleaning and making sure the toilet seat in closed. I have to realize that am not the only one living in this house and everybody that comes to my home does not know that I want the seat down after they use the bath room. So my plan is to understand that and try not to get so irritated if the seat is up. I have to say that the behavioral theories best explains my personality The habits that I have learned were observed as a child my mother raised me to do things a certain way.I looked at what she taught me as something positive. As a child it didnt make me sad or happy it was a way of life for me and I stayed with me. knowing from situations and advice given to me by family members I have always been so what quiet and observant I was perfect I also got in trouble sometimes. merely when I saw my siblings get in trouble that was my cue to straighten up. There are different ways that people developed their habits sometimes your purlieu may play a parts of your personality, how a person is raised, where a person is raised, even ho raised an individual can affect your personality.

Anderson Leadership Management Contribution to Success or Failure

Analyze the leaders and management at Arthur Andersen and evaluate its contribution to the companys success and failure. leading has been defined as the individual traits, behavior, interaction patterns, role relationships, follower perceptions, the influence over the followers, task goals and organizational culture (Yuki, 1989). Through the classs, the upstanding Arthur Anderson has gone through and through many leaders and their call and leadership and behavior has affected the unanimous in certain ways.From the beginning when the leadership role was in the hands of Arthur Anderson, he placed very strong emphasis on ethics and demanded honest accounting from all his employees despite the conflict of interest amongst some of his clients. His pacesetting leadership style requires all new partners and employees to undergo a series of mandatory trainings annually to ensure that all of them were able to remain focused on the companys philosophy and values.Pacesetting leadership sty le demands the followers to do as the leader says and such a leadership style produces positive results only if the aggroup is already motivated and skilled. Which in this case, Arthur Anderson has it covered. However, when used extensively, it could overwhelm and stifle the teams innovation which was what we observed of the firm when analysts view the training process as reservation of androids. The stifling of innovation may not be such a huge issue at this point as creativity and innovation was not what Arthur Anderson was looking for in his team but instead, structure and following the books.Furthermore, while leading the team, he had a directive leadership behavior which refers to assigning team members specific tasks, clarifying expectations on their work and setting rules and regulations to be followed etc. This behavior pattern has been known to initiate structure which is the goal of Arthur Anderson which explains the success of his leadership during his time. When Arthur Anderson passed on, Leonard Spacek took over the rein of leadership and made use of the authoritative leadership style by coming up with a new logo that he thinks epitomized the common vision that he has or the firm. This style of leadership is effective when the team needs a new vision as circumstances deem changed which was true as the firm now has to readjust themselves to the leadership of Spacek instead of Anderson. Such style of leadership inspires entrepreneurial spirit and vibrant enthusiasm for firm which proves success. As the years went by, the leaders that followed up had their priorities wrong and lost focus of what was built throughout the years. The rules and standards set were gradually removed from the system.Eg the mandatory 2 year audit practice was removed. Such leaders will model the wrong behaviors and will inevitably spread themselves too thin and organizations are at the great risk when leaders lose their focus and led to the failure of Anderson. Leaders w ho are self-serving will also cause the downfall of a firm as it would cause the team to stool no confidence in him. For example, Kapnick was reportedly said to have wanted to head both departments by himself and it could have been one of the reasons why the other partners lost trust in him causing him to resign.

Incoterms Use for Shipping Terms

INCOTERMS USE FOR SHIPPING TERMS Inco ground rules atomic number 18 international allot marchess promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Though apply primarily in international trade, they are seeing increasing use in municipal trade. When used, they should describe the peculiar(prenominal) shipping term, the positioning, Incoterms, and the edition. An example is DAT Pier 82 sort of Philadelphia Incoterms 2010. Incoterms rules specify the point at which venture of infection of loss clears, save not, strictly speaking, where statute title changes.In addition, they specify which party is responsible for freight (or carriage) charges, but not payment terms for the goods themselves. The ICC prefers that Incoterms be used as an adjective, not a noun, in prose. The give voice itself is trademarked and the rules are copyrighted, so at least the last edition, Incoterms 2010, should include the trademark. The U. S. national council of the ICC is the U. S. Council for International Business (USCIB). The leading U. S. authority is Frank Reynolds, who served on the eight-member delegation of the ICC which drafted the Incoterms 2010 rules.New rules have been published every ten years, and the second latest, Incoterms 2000, is still in widespread use. The rules are brought much up-to-date in their application, and sometimes, old terms are deleted and new terms are added. There has been a tendency to incorporate container shipment render, and to place responsibility for export specifics more on the vender and instant specifics more on the emptor. The edition of the rules should always be specified, such(prenominal) as fox Terminal 86 Port of Seattle Incoterms 2000. The named place ( actors line under Incoterms rules) is where risk of loss changes, and usually, but not always, where responsibility for carriage charges changes. Incoterms rules are not law and are incorporated into the exchanges contract by explicit graphic symbol t o them. The sales contract includes additional specifics of the contract, and may modify the Incoterm chosen. However, the International Chamber of Commerce cautions that Sometimes the parties want to alter an Incoterms rule. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, but there are dangers in so doing.In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations exceedingly clear in their contract. Thus, for example, if the allocation of hails in the Incoterms 2010 rules is altered in the contract, the parties should also state whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passes from trafficker to purchaser. Domestic trade is standardisedly to see increasing use of the ICCs international commercial terms. The 2000 edition of Incoterms first provided for this, and the subtitle of Incoterms 2010 is actually ICC rules for the use of home(prenominal) and international trade terms. As a result, the Incot erms 2010 clearly state in a number of places that the obligation to comply with export/ logical implication formalities completely exists where applicable. Domestic trade terms from the UCC, even those which use the same letters, are not precisely the same as the international trade terms. confound, or rationalize on scorecard, is more restricted and precisely defined internationally, and is only used for water transportation, whereas it may be used for any form of transportation domestically. The UCC provisions are rather short and dated compared with the more up-to-date, detailed rules found in Incoterms 2010.A total of eleven Incoterms rules are available, down from thirteen in Incoterms 2000. These three-letter terms give responsibilities for, in addition to delivery and shipment charges, documents provision, information availability, and security coordination. EXWEx-works. Here the marketer merely makes the goods available at its premises and the purchaser, or more like ly the buyers freight carrier, picks them up. The trafficker does not clear the goods for export. However, the exporters government sometimes requires the manufacturer to file particular documents (in the U. S. he manufacturer is the Principal Party in Interest even if another party exports the goods out of the country), so despite the limited obligations of the exporter under this term, many authorities intermit that other shipment terms, such as FCA, are usually more appropriate in international trade. In addition, from the point of view of the buyer, the marketer is usually in a better position to handle the export legalities. FCAFree Carrier. The sellers responsibility is to get the goods to the carrier nominated by the buyer. The location specified, however, may be the sellers place of profession.Under EXW the seller is not obligated to level the goods, but if under FCA the sellers place of business is specified as the location of delivery, it is. If the terms are FCA som ewhere else, thus the seller does not have to load the goods on the carriers vehicle but simply gets them to the carriers location. Once the seller gets the goods to the carrier, risk of loss and responsibility for shipping charges rests with the buyer. This term is seeing increasing use, and is well-suited for intermodal and containerized transport. CPTCarriage salaried to.CPT is quite similar to the more familiar CFR. Like CFR, the seller chooses the carrier and pays for shipment, but the risk of loss passes to the buyer after the goods have been delivered by the seller to the carrier. CIPCarriage and Insurance Paid to. Under CPT and CIP the seller chooses and pays the carrier. Under FCA the buyer chooses the shipping company and pays it. Under all three the risk of loss passes when the seller delivers the goods to the carrier. All three are used for intermodal and containerized transport. DATDelivered at Terminal. Incoterms rules give a named place.Here the terms might be DAT Pier 82 Port of Philadelphia Incoterms 2010 which mean that the seller gets the goods to Pier 82 and unloads them from the ship, and bears risk of loss until they are in the terminal. DAPDelivered at Place. Here the terms might be DAP Area 14 Clover Shippers Cleveland Incoterms 2010 which mean that the seller gets the goods to Area 14, bearing risk of loss and freight charges to that point, but unlike DAT the buyer is responsible for unloading the goods. DDPDelivered province Paid. The seller does virtually everything, getting the goods to the buyers place of business.EXW is the only term in which the buyer clears for export, and DDP is the only term in which the seller provides for import formalities. FASFree Alongside. Here the sellers responsibility is to get the goods on the dock aboard the ship. From that point expenses and risk of loss are for the buyer. Under Incoterms rules, FAS, confound, CFR, and CIF are only for water transport. - Domestic term FAS, Free Alongside, ap pears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). As in the international version, it requires the seller to place the goods alongside the ship for shipment. watch guardFree on Board. The sellers responsibility is to get the goods on board the ship. From that point expenses and risk of loss are for the buyer. Used curiously for shipments of bulk items like grains, but not well-suited for containerized and intermodal freight, in which the seller typically gets the goods to a container staging area well away from the ship. (Under all previous Incoterms editions, water-based-transportation delivery occurred when the goods passed the ships rail now delivery occurs when the goods are on board the ship. watch guardS or FOBST are sometimes used, although they are not listed in Incoterms publications. FOBS government agency FOB Stowed, in which the seller is responsible for getting the goods down in the hold of the ship. FOB Stowed and Trimmed elbow room that the seller is also responsible fo r equilibrate the cargo load so that the ship lies in the water correctly. FOBST L/S/D way the seller gets the goods on board the ship, stows them in the hold, trims the vessel, and provides lashing, securing, and dunnaging for the goods, which means they are secured safely for transport and properly aerated. Domestic term FOB, Free on Board, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). Although FOB is probably the just about widely-used Incoterms rule, it is even more widely-used domestically, with well over half of domestic transport shipped under this three-letter code. Unlike the international version, the domestic version may be used for any type of transport, not just water-related. Incoterms rules provide for much more detail than UCC provisions.Incoterms rules specify the buyer as the party which nominates the carrier, and the buyer typically gives the specific time, dock, and ship to which the goods are to be delivered as well, but under domestic transport the seller w ill often be the party which chooses the transportation company. - Internationally, FOB is referenced from a port of shipping, but domestically it may be specified from almost any location within the United States.FOB Origin (or transfer Point) means that risk of loss passes to the buyer as the seller ships the goods from its premises. FOB refinement means that risk of loss passes to the buyer only as the buyer receives the goods at its receiving dock. The parties may also specify a location for FOB responsibilities. A shipment of oranges from Florida to Minnesota could use terms FOB Miami, or FOB Minneapolisor even FOB Atlanta, in which case risk of loss and responsibility for payment of freight charges would transfer from the seller to the buyer in Atlanta. -Through usage a number of common modifiers have been appended to the basic domestic shipping terms - FOB Origin, freight rate Collect is usually how FOB Origin is stated. This means explicitly that risk of loss passes to th e buyer as the seller ships the goods, and that the buyer pays freight charges to the carrier. FOB Origin, dispatch Collect is by far the most common domestic shipping term. If only FOB is specified, or FOB Origin is specified, the shipment is assumed to be under FOB Origin, freightage Collect terms. FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid passes the risk of loss to the buyer as the seller ships the goods but provides that it is the seller, and not the buyer, who pays freight charges to the carrier. Also stated as (1) FOB Origin, Freight Allowed (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Allowed. - FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Added passes the risk of loss to the buyer as the seller ships the goods but provides that it is the seller who pays freight charges to the carrier.However, the seller then adds the freight charge, typically as a separate line in the invoice, to the buyers bill. Also stated as (1) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Add (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged (3) FOB Origi n, Freight Prepaid and Charged Back. - FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid means that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment and also pays the carrier. Universities usually prefer this term. Also stated as FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Allowed. FOB Destination alone is assumed to be FOB Destination, freight prepaid. FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Added means that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment and pays the carrier, but then adds the freight charge, typically as a separate line in the invoice, to the buyers bill. Also stated as (1) FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Add (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged (3) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged Back. - FOB Destination, Freight Collect states that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment, but that the buyer pays the carrier. FOB Destination, Freight Collect and Allowed provides that the seller bears risk of loss, the buyer pays the carrier, and that the buyer deducts the freight charge as a sep arate line on the sellers invoice. CFRCost and Freight. The sellers quoted worth includes freight. However, risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are on board the ship. Many buyers initially like to use CFR or CIF as the seller handles more of the arrangementschoosing the shipping firm and paying for the freight.However, more experienced buyers sometimes like to use FOB instead, as this gives them more control after the items reach the port of shipment. Although not listed in Incoterms publications, CFR FO and CFR LO are sometimes used as shipment terms. FO means free out, in which the price (to the buyer) does not include unloading (or discharging) at the port of coating. LO means liner out, in which the price does include discharge at the port of destination. CFR LO may also be given as CFR liner terms, CFR berth terms, or CFR landed.Under plain CFR terms, the seller is under no strict obligation to pay for the discharge of the goods, but it is recognized that often he or she will as they may be include in the common shipment contract. If not, the buyer must use his or her own movers (stevedores) to get the goods off the ship. Incoterms rules specify obligations between buyer and seller. In contracts a party makes with a shipping company, free means it is free for the shipping companyFI or free in, the ships owner does not load the goods, but whoever charters the vessel does. FO or ree out means that the ships crew does not unload the goods, but rather that the charterer provides for discharging Liner in means that the ship owner loads the goods, and liner out means that the ship owner discharges the goods. - Domestic term Cost and Freight, or CF, or CNF, or C&F, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). As in the international version, it requires the seller to place the goods on the vehicle for shipment. However, unlike the international version, the domestic version may be used for any type of transport, not just water-related.In both inte rnational and U. S. versions, the seller pays the freight, but risk of loss is the buyers in shipment. Although not as frequently used as FOB, the terms CF (CFR Incoterms) and CIF are quite common, both domestically and internationally. CIFCost, Insurance, and Freight. Same as CFR except that insurance is included. - CIF appears in both Incoterms rules and the UCC. Under Incoterms EXW, FCA, FAS, and FOB the buyer selects the carrier. Under CFR, CIF, CPT, CIF, DAT, DAP, and DDP the seller selects the carrier.FAS, FOB, CFR, and CIF are for water transportation only, but the others are for any mode of transport. Incoterms 2000 had 13 terms. EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CIP CPT DAF or delivered at frontier. DES or delivered ex-ship. The seller got the goods to the buyers port but the buyer was responsible for unloading. This term was often used for coal and other large commoditized shipments. - Domestic term Ex-ship appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and provides, unlike the intern ational version, that the seller unloads the goods onto the dock.DEQ or delivered ex-quay. The seller got the goods to the buyers port and got them unloaded on the dock or quay. DDU or delivered duty unpaid. DDP TITLE AND ACCOUNTING Unlike international trade terms under Incoterms rules, domestic use of FOB may be for any transportation mode. The most common domestic shipping term is FOB Origin, Freight Collect, which means that title and risk of loss pass to the buyer at the sellers place of business, and the shipping company collects the charge from the buyer. Equivalently, FOB Shipping Point, Freight Collect is the same thing.FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid means that title and risk of loss pass from the seller to the buyer at the buyers place of business, and the seller prepays the shipping charge to the shipping company. Accountants report a merchandisers and a manufacturers revenues when a sale is made. The term, FOB Shipping Point, indicates that the sale occurred at the shi pping pointat the sellers shipping dock. FOB Destination indicates that the sale will occur when it arrives at the destinationat the buyers receiving dock.Accountants also assume that the cost of transporting the goods corresponds to these terms. If the sale occurred at the shipping point (sellers shipping dock), then the buyer should take responsibility for the cost of transporting the goods. (The buyer will record this cost as Freight-In or Transportation-In. ) If the sale doesnt occur until the goods reach the destination (terms are FOB Destination), then the seller should be responsible for transporting the goods until they reach the buyers unloading dock. (The seller will record the transportation cost asFreight-Out, Transportation-Out, or Delivery Expense. ) (From http//blog. accountingcoach. com/fob-shipping-point-fob-destination/) CONTAINERIZATIONWIKIPEDIA Containerization (Britishcontainerisation) is a system of freight transport based on a range of steel intermodal contain ers. Containers are built to standardized dimensions, and fanny be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to anothercontainer ships, rail and semi-trailer truckswithout being opened.The system was developed after humans War II, led to greatly reduced transport costs, and supported a vast increase in international trade. Container capacity is often expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) ? 8 ft (width) container. A 20-foot-long (6. 1 m) ISO container equals 1 TEU.

Violence in Public School

Your Name Instructor/Professors Name Course Date Violence In customary naturalizes Perhaps, unrivaled of the well-nigh pressing concerns affecting not all(prenominal) the educational sector, but the entire society, is the rising vehemence in shallows. Indeed, theres no call into question that tame-related violence is one of the gravest threats that any government will halt to face. In fact, the U. S. is just one of the dozens of countries plagued by this social ill. With easy access on accelerators and knives, takehousesstudents and teachers, specifically puzzle been placed at a to a greater extent precarious condition.Thus, it is no longer surprising if shooting spree, sexual assault, and stabbing incidents continue to publicize the newspapers around the world. Such is the alarming rate of violence in what was once considered the haven of safety and sanctuary of morality that p bents, students, and policymakers have to brave. In general, violence in U. S. schools, irrefutable the governments failure to preventlet alone eliminateeven in the battlefront of new initiatives specifically intended for this purpose, has false out a huge stick for concern that needs to be addressed no sooner than later.No student or teacher for this matter should of all time suffer from violence indoors the classroom, playground, school cafeteria, or even trance on his delegacy to or from school. merely the truth does not speak of the same. As the rate of school violence continues to escalate year by year, so does the disruption of the learning process, degradation of the students and teachers morale, and the spread of fear not only in the school but in the community in general.Aside from the immediate negative wedge, school violence could also give birth to youth violence, which could stem to more diverse concerns in criminality, peace and order, and public health and safety. In this paper, we will try to delve the degree of school violence and how dodgy it is not only to wither the integrity of the U. S. school system, but also to rock society as well. In the present condition where the government seems too powerless full to put this social crisis to an end, it is safe to say that school violence is indeed a force to reckon, a substantial shaker that will definitely cause the failure of schools in general.Data Reveal the Alarming Rate of School Violence Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the real impact and the degree in which school violence has really affected the school system. Data from the US surgical incision of Education show disturbing figures. Between 2003 and 2004, it was set offed that 1 out of 10 teachers in urban schools admitted receiving threats from students. Between 2005 and 2006, almost 40 percent of public schools had at least one case of school violence. In 2007, 23 percent of students admitted that gangs existed in their schools.The Centers for ailment fake and Prevention (series 4) reveals that according to the results of a nationwide survey in 2007 among students from grades 9 to 12 show that almost 6 percent of students did diddle guns, knives and opposite types of dangerous weapons at heart the school. Furthermore, almost 8 percent of students were threatened, harassed, or injured by these weapons. Meanwhile, 12 percent of the respondent-students admitted that they had been involved in physical fights in spite of appearance the school.A more disturbing note revealed that most than 22 percent of students sold, used, and were offered and given illegal drugs right inside the school. Nonfatal assaults ar also rampant inside the school. The Department of Education reveals that in 2006, on a national level, 3 out of 100 students are actively participating in school-based crimes, which included loot, assault, and theft. deterrence is even a more serious cause for alarm. More than one-third of the entire student population had been victims of bullying, 4 percent of them being bullied online or by means of text messages.This stems to a more wild personality as bullied students have more chances of getting engaged into fights, psychological trauma and dropping out of school. Likewise, The Centers for infirmity Control and Prevention (33-36) reveals that school violence-related deaths continue to escalate on a yearly basis. Although on an average rate, 1 out of 100 students die out-of-pocket to violence inside the school, still, such cases are too much to ignore, since NO death, especially violence-related must ever occur inside the campus. Since 2003, more than 115 students have been killed in almost 110 incidents.On a yearly basis, that translates to 17 students dying from homicide. Anderson et al (2695) reveals that school-associated violence and deaths occur forward and after the school day and during lunch, while cases of violence are more likely to occur at the onset of the semester (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Violent, 657). Half of recorded homicide cases show that perpetrators actually reveal some sort of warning signal before they attack their victims. These include making a threat or leaving a note before the crime occurs (Anderson et al, 2695).Risk Factors Leading to Violence in Schools School violence does not exist simply because they have to exist. There are numerous underlying factors that knowledgeableness the occurrence of numerous conditions that give rise to this case. In fact, experts, researchers and lawmakers agree that there is a deeper root that that gives life to these occurence. match to the Constitutional Rights Foundation, among the risk factors affecting school violence include weapons, media violence, cyber abuse, the impact of school, community, and family environments, personal alienation, (crf-usa. rg) among others. Access to Weapons. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the rapid increase in the rate of gun accessibility among teens in the United States. As more teenagers ow ned guns, thus, the rise of gun deaths and injuries (crf-usa. org). A study conducted by Bergstein et al (794-8) in Boston and Milwaukee shows that that 42 percent of students who responded revealed that they could get a gun if they wanted, 28 percent have handled a gun without adult knowledge or supervision, and 17 percent have carried a concealed gun. This claim was backed by data provided by the University of Southern California School of Medicine, which reports that around 35% of U. S. households with children 18 days old and below are reported to have owned at least one firearm, which translates to more than 11 million children living in homes with firearms (crf-usa. org). Furthermore, teens skunk also acquire handguns in illegal sales, as American gun shows continue to be a venue for illegal activity, including unlicensed sales to nix individuals (Bergstein et al, 794). Violence Caused by Media. The Constitutional Rights Foundations (crf-usa. rg ) reveals that an average Am erican child will have witness 8,000 murders and 100,000 violent acts by time he reaches 7th grade. Thats because of television. Time and again, claims have been make and studies have been conducted to really test the truth behind the impact of television in inculcating wrong values to a child. According to the Anderson et al (81), violent television and films, video games, and music reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behaviour in both immediate and long-term contexts. Although certain characteristics exhibited by viewers, such as identification of aggressive characters), parental guidance and other social factors, as well as the electrical capacity of the media could make or break the effect of media violence. These also count the the degree of aggression instilled in the viewers personality. Cyber Bullying. Anderson et al (83) write that high school students are more exposed to violence in video games, thus, they s how more pro-violent attitudes, had more hostile personalities, were less forgiving, believed violence to be more normal, and behaved more aggressively in their everyday lives. However, Sherry (msu. du ) reasoned out that the overall effect of these games on aggressiveness does not appear great to warrant significant attention. School Environments. A survey conducted by the Childrens Institute International revealed that more than half off teenage population living in farming(prenominal), suburban, or urban areas all agree that schools are becoming more and more violent in the passing of time. School-based Gangs. The National Center for Educational Statistics, as quoted by the Center for kind Health in Schools at UCLA (2), reveals that in 2005, 24 percent of students ages 12-18 reported that there were gangs at their schools. Nevertheless, no difference was observed with regards to reporting gang presence among rural and suburban students. Communities. Aside from the negligence i n the school and in the home, communities also show neglect in children, which is another reason for hastened occurrence of school violence. Furthermore, a communitys unresponsive attitude to the needs of families and their children could develop into school violence given that after-school and summer programs are not always visible(prenominal) (crf-usa. org). Family.The family, which should have been highly responsible in shaping a childs mind to become upright and law-abiding, are also the one the pick of the deterioration of the values and attitudes among teenagers. As parents neglect their duty to rare their child with positive attitudes, children may develop negativeand often violentbehavior patterns (crf-usa. org). But more than providing room for negative values to grow, irresponsible and abusive households also impede a childs growth and maturity. Thus, as observed, some of the most aggressive teenagers show signs of poor communication skills and low self-esteem.And since children have no parental role models to look up to, they would tend to focus their attention on popular culture, no matter how violent or aggressive it nature may be. The lack of support from the family and community therefore poses burden on schools, as it turns out that they are the only social institution left to educate, shelter, and discipline children, (crf-usa. org). Nevertheless, this task serves too tasking as most schools have heavyy playing quadruplex roles as educators, surrogate parents, social service, or law-enforcement agencies( crf-usa).Violence Is Becoming Widespread in Schools With all these research and information laid on the table, it is therefore too difficult to ignore the fact that school violence is bound to impair the countrys education system. Lack of funding and support from state and federal governments, plus neglect on the part of communities and families, eventually prove too much for educators to bear the task of educating, disciplining and impart ing positive attitudes to students.Thus, it could be deduced that violence and danger are constant companions for Americas schoolchildren (McClusky, cato. org) While state and federal documents reveal that school violence has been heading towards the slump since the advent of the 21st century, researchers believe that these information are misleading, as administrators and government officials are actually negligent and blind enough to make the problem known. Journalists are quick to point out the discrepancy of assessments. McClusky (cato. rg) revealed a capital of Colorado Post article that uncovered a widespread under-reporting of violent incidents in Denver-area schoolsunder-reporting that occurred despite the presence of a state accountability system designed to come upon dangerous schools. Whats went wrong is the fact that in the entire Colorado, as well as well as in other states, a helping of schools tend to under-report violent incidents. Furthermore, Chicago Tribune in McClusky (cato. org) reported negligence on the part of law enforcers in Illinois to warn school districts whenever convicted juvenile sex offenders write in code in their schools.Many failed to notify principals in the mistaken belief they were not permitted to alert them, when in fact they were required to do so (cato. org). Another mistake on the part of the government is the poor process of collecting and gathering data, reveals Modzeleski in McClusky (cato. org). When the law regarding this issue was enacted in 2001, it was revealed that quite a good number of school districts have gathered sufficient data to provide accurate records regarding school violence, although there were also school districts who failed on this. Impact of Violence in existence SchoolsTheres really no question that violence in schools have profound effect not just in the education system, but in the entire aspect of American life. As schools are disturbed by violence, the effect is felt by students th rough poor education, low self-esteem and other debilitating factors that could affect not only their professional career, but other facets of their lives, as well. It is intuitively obvious and consistent with an ecological perspective that crime and violence in settings in which youth live and attend school pose a poor context for academic involvement and performance, explains Bowen & Bowen (321).Indeed, violent and aggressive behavior displayed by students at school could mean poor academic performance, which could directly or indirectly hamper the teaching and learning process. Based on the observations made by Lochman, Lampron, Gemmer, & Harris (339), we can conclude therefore, that aggression and violence do not only hamper the individuals academic performance, but the negative impact could also extend on the education of their classmates by diverting their teachers from teaching and reducing the amount of time students are engaged in learning (339).In Garbarino & Abramowitz ( 17), we discovered that the risks to culture can come from both direct threats and the absence of opportunities for development. Aside from classroom performance, the impact of school violence also reaches to the physical side. Pollack, in the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc. gov), reveals that a number of students seek medical care for nonfatal, violence-related injuries. Some of these injuries are relatively minor and include cuts, bruises, and broken bones.Other injuries, like gunshot wounds and head trauma, are more serious and can lead to permanent disability. But injuries extend deeper, more than what the eye can see, actually. The Center for Disease Control (cdc. gov) reveals that constant exposure to violence not only in school, but also at home and in the neighborhood, could result to different negative health, psychological and even mental outcomes to a person. This could include depression and anxiety, which could trigger fear in going to school and othe r negative effects to an individuals life.A 2007 survey by CDC (cdc. gov), shows that almost 6 percent of high school schools in the entire country nationwide did not go to school on one or more of the 30 days before the survey (cdc. gov) was conducted for fear of danger and harm at school or on their way to or from school (cdc. gov). Thus, for this reason, the rate of absences has risen from 1993 and 2005. Furthermore, Pollack (cdc. gov) revealed that around 160,000 students go home early on any given day because they are aquaphobic of being bullied. ConclusionAll the records are one and the same in revealing that violence in the school is indeed a cause for alarm for everyone. According to the indium State University (indiana. edu), the past fifteen years saw a distressing rate in the increasing of youth violence in schools. Worst, both the culprits and the victims are getting younger and younger. What is sad and disturbing about this situation is that school officials themselve s show little interest in curbing the criminality within their campus. They each fail to record the incidence or are negligent nough to inform higher officials and law enforcers about this. Furthermore, law enforcers themselves seem half-hearted in waging an all-out bm against school violence. Even state and federal governments seem not to care at all. That is why, it is pretty irritating to note that government officials are proud to number that school violence has either stabilized or spiraled downwards, even if every day, televisions and new papers keep on trumpeting for what really is the truthincidents of shooting, stabbing, robbery, or rape right within the school campus.Thus, we can really conclude that at this point, schools are not really safe. They are in fact, at their most dangerousamong the riskiest places, ever, for students and teachers be. As revealed by Indiana State University (indiana. edu) National level data suggests that middle and high schools, especially l arger schools, are more at-risk for serious violence. Moreover, students in urban schools serving predominantly lower SES minority children remain twice as likely to be victims of violence as students in suburban, town, or rural areas.In addressing the tragic incidents that have occurred recently in suburban and rural schools, it is critical that the more ongoing and severe problems of lower SES urban schools and students not be bury or ignored. All these data, figures and studies have their significant effect on our schools and in society as a whole. Indeed what we do in our schools on a day to day basis in terms of discipline may be related to serious crime and violence (indiana. edu). Thus, each of us is part to blame for what is happening. And as we are part of the problem, so, too are we parts of the solution.And while comprehensive programs and tightened security are implemented to improve the atmosphere inside the school and reduce the violence, we may say that, really, on ly time could tell what the future holds for our countrys educational system. References Anderson, C. A. , Gentile, Douglas A. , Burkley, K. E. Violent Video Game set up on Children and Adolescents Theory Research and Public Policy. New York Oxford University Press 2007, 83. Anderson, Craig A. et al. The Influence Of Media Violence On Youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4 (3) 81.Anderson, M. , Kaufman J. , Simon T. R. , Barrios L, Paulozzi L, Ryan G, et al. School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994-1999. JAMA 2001 286 (21)2695-702. Bergstein J. M. , Hemenway D. , Kennedy B. , Quaday S. , Ander R. Guns in young hands a survey of urban teenagers attitudes and behaviors related to handgun violence. Journal of Trauma. 1996 Nov 41(5)794-8. Bowen, Natasha K. , Bowen, Gary L. Effects of Crime and Violence in Neighborhoods and Schools on the School bearing and Performance of Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol. 14 No. , July 1999, 321-23. Ce nter for Mental Health in Schools at UCLA. Youth Gangs and Schools. Los Angeles, CA 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School-associated student homicides-United States, 1992-2006. MMWR 200857(02)33-36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Temporal variations in school-associated student homicide and suicide events United States, 1992 -1999. MMWR 200150(31)657-60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceUnited States, 2007. Surveillance Summaries, June 6, 2008. MMWR 200857(SS-4).Constitutional Rights Foundation. Causes of School Violence, no date. Retrieved from http//www. crf-usa. org/school-violence/causes-of-school-violence. html. Department of Education. Indicators of school crime and safety 2008. NCES 2009-022. Department of Education and Justice (US) 2009. Washington (DC) US governing Printing Office. Garbarino, J. , Abramowitz, R. H. (1992). The ecology of human development. In J. Garbarino (Ed. ), Children and famil ies in the social environment (2nd ed. , pp. 11-33). New York Aldine de Gruyter. Jamieson, A. , Curry, A. Martinez, G. School enrollment in the United States social and economic characteristics of students. Department of Commerce (US), Census Bureau (US)1999. Washington (DC) US Government Printing Office. Kachur, S. P. , Stennies, G. M. , Powell, K. E. , Modzeleski, W. , Stephens, R. , Murphy, R. , et al. School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1992 to 1994. JAMA 1996275(22)1729-33. Lochman, J. E. , Lampron, L. B. , Gemmer, T. C. , & Harris, S. R. (1987). Anger coping intervention with aggressive childrenA guide to implementation in school settings.In P. A. Keller& S. R. Heyman (Eds. ), Innovations in clinical practice A source book (Vol. 6, pp. 339-356). Sarasota, FL Professional Resource Exchange. McCluskey, N. Violence in Public Schools A Dirty Secret. School Reform News 2005, June 1. Retrieved from http//www. cato. org/publications/commentary/violence-public-scho ols-dirty-secret Olweus, D. Bullying at school what we know and what we can do. Malden (MA) Blackwell 1993. Pollack, W. Real boys rescuing our sons form the myths of boyhood. New York (NY) atomic number 1 Holt and Company, LLC 1998.

Endorsement Attributes: its implication in buying intention Essay

MARKETING RESEARCH We envision Saint Louis University as an polished missionary and transformative studyal institution zealous in the formation human resources who are imbued with the Christian Spirit and who are creative, competent and socially involved. SCHOOL OF ACOUNTANCY AND rail line MANAGEMENT SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES October 2013 Endorsement Attributes Its Implication to Buying Intention Jonand Ray Estabillo, Deaniel Soriano, Raiza NerissaVeridiano, Gian Carlo Villoso and Zenedith P. Monang AbstractThe look aimed to determine the aim of military capability and the defileing intention of the consumers found on the attributes of conceders strong-arm Attractiveness, Popularity, consultation Credibility, blade Congruency and gunstock/ livestock/ Heredity. Specifically, the study ought to do the questions what is the profile of the respondents in ground of their gender, occupation, hometown and nationality? More e trulyplace, the study in addition sought to answer the question how effective is the endorser and on what level is the consumers intention to buy.The researchers make use of a descriptive method of research, and questionnaires were utilized in compendium data. The respondents of the research were consumers from rural and urban places who are either a student or a young professional. Finally, the results of the study proves that consumer buying intention return a signifi mintt effect to the demographic and endorsement attributes such as corporeal drawing card, popularity, source believability, daub congruence and lineage/bloodline/hereditary. Keywords Consumer Behavior, Buying Intention, Endorsement Attributes doorway Companies of instantly spend a significant amount of their budget on hiring endorsers to advertise their verbotenputs. These companies aim to incur a sufficient return on investiture with the expectation that these endorsers testament be able to attract the attention of the customers, raise custome rs interest by focusing on and demonstrating advantages and benefits, convince customers that they want and desire the produce or service and that it will satisfy their needs, and later on lead customers towards taking action and/or get.Every Advertisement aims to create awareness and stabilize interest in the minds of customers. To do so advertisers employ some(prenominal)(prenominal) of marketing techniques. Celebrity Endorsement is champion of these power toolsby which advertisers try to leverage the image and credit of the credit to promote a product or company (Atkin& Block, 1983). This not whole makes the advertising lively, attractive, interesting, but attention getting as well (Ohanian 1991, Kamins 1990). So happens because audience takes the fame as a role model and in turn these celebrities meet their lives.Celebrity endorsement has been in application from a wide time (Kaikati 1987), in fact not too late when advertisement techniques were taking on new forms b ecause advertisers realized soon that by using in public renowned soulfulnessalities in advertisements they will be able to align brands individualalities with that of the renowns. That is why advertisers go for a careful selection of celebrities because if any micro eyeshot may go wrong in celebrity endorsement selection process, whole of the celebrity endorsed advertisement campaign may collapse.This will ultimately display brand the way back to pavilion (Kaikati 1987, Till and Shimp 1995). This study aims 1. ) To identify the endorsement attributes in purchasing/buying intention of the consumers 2. ) To analyzed the speciality of its attributes such as itsstrong-arm Attractiveness, Popularity, inauguration Credibility, Brand Congruence and Bloodline/Heredity/Lineage. Literature Review Marketing tends to take a new and unique way of advert as advertisers are exploring different ways to make the advertisement effective and influential. One of these is the use of endorsers. Endorser is one outstanding considerable literature on this topic exists. The need for endorsers has been described in various ways. According to Erdogan, Baker and Tagg (2001), a spokespersons role is tomake the advertisement stand out from the clutter, percolate potential customers, add value to the brand, and lastly, build a lasting impression to encourage the consumer to make a purchase. Lane and Russell (2000), suggest that one of the radical challenges for advertising is to pass on a tangible and differentiating element to the marketing of services.Stafford, Stafford and Day (2002) refer to tangibility as the visualization of a services benefits or qualities, the crosstie with an extrinsic product, person, event, place or object, the physical representations of the service, and documentation such as facts or figures explaining the characteristics of a service. The use of an endorser is one of the methods of enhancing the tangibility of the advertisement and differentiatin g it from others. The Endorser An endorser is a person who makes a testimonial, or a written or a spoken statement, extolling the virtue of some product.This person could be a public figure or a private citizen. A testimonial usually applies to sales pitches attributed to ordinary citizens whereas endorsement usually applies to pitches by celebrities (Liu, Huang, & Jiang, 2007). This study focuses on 2 (2) types of spokespersons celebrity and anonymous. Celebrity Endorsers The use of celebrities to promote commercial goods and services is not new to advertisers. Companies envision that endorsers who are attractive and harmonic will transfer such qualities to their brands and products.In addition, as celebrities are constantly in the media, they serve to constantly remind consumers of the brands that they endorse. Indeed, the use of celebrity endorsers has been gaining in popularity over time. Specifically, celebrity endorsers are effective in generating increased attention and en hanced image of the brand. However, their durability in influencing purchase intention is much limited. Celebrities are mountain who enjoy public recognition by a large share of certain Group of people. And the term Celebrity endorsement as defined by McCracken Any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement. (McCracken 1989) Advertisers go for celebrity endorsement because of its great benefits and immense possible baffle. there are certain potential advantages of celebrity endorsement, celebrities endorsed advertisements draw much than attention as compared to those of non-celebrity ones, helps the company in re-positioning its product/brand and finally empowers the company when its new in the market or plans to go global.However celebrity endorsement doesnt hold sole diagnose to success. It also presents the company with potential hazards. These might include, overshadowing, overexposure, and controversy (Erdogan 1999). Lay endorsers or anonymous models Lay endorsers are unknown individuals who are chosen based on the target market demographics. These anonymous individuals offer association with the target audience for a less expensive price. They are usuallypackaged as the typical person that the consumers can identify with (McCracken, 1989). Celebrity Endorsers vs. Non Celebrity EndorsersAccording to Seno & Lukas (2007), Celebrities are very much helpful than other type of endorsers such as the company manager, distinctive consumer and the competent expert etc. On the opposing, companies clutch imperfect control over the celebrity endorsers, since they have created their public character themselves over the years. Previous research on celebrity endorsement reveals that celebrity endorsers produced more doive attitude towards advertising and superior purchase intentions than a non-celebrity endorser (Atkin and Block 1983 Petty et al. 1983 Ohanian 199 1).On the contrary, Mehta (1994) argue that there were no statistically major difference in attitudes towards advertising, brand and purchase intention on endorsed brand among celebrity and non-celebrity endorsements. But, differences were found in cognitive responses generated by respondents. Endorsement Attributes Physical Attractiveness Physically attractive communicators are more successful in changing beliefs than are unattractive communicators (Chaiken, 1979). In todays society, people tend to place a heavy emphasis on attractiveness, and virtually advertisements feature attractive models.In a sense, the physical attractiveness of the endorser rubs off on the product, enhancing the products image and resulting in overconfident attitude change (Kahle and Homer, 1985). This points to the richness of matching up the image of the celebrity with the characteristics of the product. The match up notion suggests that the image of the product and the celebrity should come together, with the relevant attributes of the product being consistent with the characteristics of the endorser to gain positive impact with increased memorability and recall (Misra and Beatty, 1990).This effort to represent product and service imagery in ways that insinuate them into the consumers perceived needs and interests has always been the primary task of marketing. A clear showing of what consumers expect in gender role endorsements can help marketers in the evaluation and planning of the portrayal of product characteristics in different markets. Popularity This has been taken to heart by advertisers.The use of celebrities to advertise aproduct is based on the assumption thatgetting famous personalities to represent abrand will result to a higher degree ofadvertising appeal, believability, and recall ascompared to anonymous models. Numerous studies have indicated the link between celebrity attractiveness and attitude changes toward issues, product, and advertising evaluations (Cabal lero and Pride, 1984 Chaiken 1979 Kahle and Homer, 1985). Others have suggested that when a celebritys physical attractiveness matches up or is congruent with the presence and degree to which the product or service advertised enhances attractiveness (i.e. , attractive celebrity linked with an attractiveness- related product) there would be a positive impact upon product/service and advertisement evaluations (Kahle and Homer 1985). Source Credibility Source credibleness suggests that the effectiveness of a message depends on the expertness and trustworthiness of the source (Hovland, Janis, and Kelley, 1953 Sternthal, Dholakia, and Leavitt 1978). In general, a message source with higher credibility tends to be more effective than one with less credibility (Sternthal, Phillips, and Dholakia 1978).Since higher levels of source credibility tend to be associated with more positive attitudes toward the message and lead to behavioral changes (Craig and McCann, 1978 Woodside and Davenport, 1974), advertisers will opt to use celebrities if they think that they have a high level of credibility. Researchers have identified three components as making up the credibility construct knowledgeor expertise, trustworthiness, and appearance or attractiveness (Baker and Churchill, 1977 Joseph, 1982 Kahle and Homer, 1985 Maddox and Rogers, 1980).Attempts to measure the impact credibility on consumers intentions to purchase indicate that only expertise had any significant influence on intentions to purchase. There also seems to be a direct correlation between believability and overall advertisement effectiveness, as measured by purchase intentions (Kamins, Brand, Hoeke, and Moe 1989). plausible spokespersons are perceived to be moresocially and intellectually competent, andhave higher levels of integrity which makesthem more persuasive (Till &Busler, 1998). Brand CongruenceThe term congruence is used in several research areas, particularly brand extension, co-branding, sponsoring, and endorsement. In all these cases, the aim is to assess the fit between a brand and some other entity. A variety of terms have been used (congruence, fit, link, match up effect, etc. ) but the general concept is the same. In the field of celebrity spokespersons, congruence was not unfeignedly defined as such until Misra and Beattys work (1990, p. 161). They deduced that it consisted of the factthat the passing relevant characteristics of the spokesperson are consistent with the highly relevant attributes of the brand.A number of authors have studied specific aspects of celebrity, such as gender and skin color (Huston, dOuville and Willis, 2003) or physical attractiveness (Kamins, 1990), but a few(prenominal) have analyzed congruence in the broader sense. Purchase/ Buying Intention Endorsers who are liked, perceived to be trustworthy, expert, and attractive, are said to have more positive influences on advertisement believability and brand image,which can contribute to purchas e intentions. They possess the ability to arrest and lure readers to an advertisement, thus making the communication more effective. Goldsmith et al.(2000) claimed thatcredible endorsers have been shown to have amore positive effect on consumers attitude towards the advertisement. Crediblespokespersons are perceived to be moresocially and intellectually competent, andhave higher levels of integrity which makesthem more persuasive (Till &Busler, 1998). These credible endorsers have the ability to significantly increase purchase intentions(Liu et al. , 2007 Pornpitakpan, 2003Erdogan, et al. , 2001). Past researches suggest that messagesource characteristics call for the consumersattitude towards the advertisement which inturn affects their attitude towards the brand(Goldsmith et al., 2000 Shimp& Gresham, 1985). Emotions and attitudes formedtowards an advertisement predict brand attitudes (Yoo&MacInnis, 2005). In addition, Brown and Stayman (1992) claimed that there is a consistent re lationship betweenattitude towards the advertisement andattitude towards the brand and purchaseintentions. McKenzie et al. (1986) stated thatconsumers are said to have a tendency topurchase products from brands where theydevelop positive attitudes (Goldsmith et al. ,2000). There is a consistent pattern showingthe effect of attitude towards the brand on purchase intentions.Lineage/Bloodline/Heredity Advertising literature also emphasizes the influence of ethnical variables in advertising effectiveness (McCracken, 1989 Paek, 2005). McCracken (1989) argued that the success of celebrity-endorsed advertisements depends on whether the endorser is recollectingful within a cultures consumer values and norms. In McCrackens Meaning Transfer Model, he claims that celebrity endorsers contain a broad range of meanings such as demographics, personality, and lifestyle. These meanings are transferred from the endorser to the product, and afterwards, from the product to the consumer.It is important for advertisers to understand the culture of their market for them to be successful. This is because consumers respond to advertising messages that are congruent with their culture, thereby rewarding advertisers who understand that culture, and who tailor advertisements to reflect its values (Paek, 2005). Hofstede (1984) describes spokespersons as cultural heroes because they serve as role models, and they possess characteristics that are looked upon by society. Typically marketers are defined to have the ability to control the behaviors of customers, but actually they have neither power nor information for that.Marketer may influence their buying behavior but not control. Several individual and not individual affect consumer behaviors. Motives, perceptions, attitudes, experiences, self concept, values can be considered as individual factors. And not individual factors can be expressed as, culture, profession, family, reference groups. Culture Culture is the analyzable of beliefs of human societies, their roles, their behavior, their values, traditions, customs and traditions. Culture is an extremely important concept to understand consumer behavior and that needs to be examined.Culture is the sum of a shared designing among members of society, customs, norms and traditions. The basic reason of persons desire or determination is culture. Geographical regions and religions are essential in the formation of sub-culture. The preference of individuals who live very close to each other can be different. Individuals belonging to different have different sub-culture values, attitudes and social structures of the members of other sub-culture. These differences, sub-cultural segmentation of the market activity has do an important variable.It is important to know thecharacteristics of the sub-culture in creating the marketing mix price, brand name identification, promotionalactivities and product positioning. Social groups, although they dont show in a formal proces s of similar lifestyle shows are groups formed by individuals. There are several features of social class. First, the behavior of members of the social class structure, education levels, attitudes, values and communication styles are similar, and these characteristics are different from other social class members.Second, individuals status is determined according to their societies. Third, social classes are determined not by according only one variable, also by such variables like education, income, living area, activities and values. Demographics Endorsement Attributes Physical Attractiveness Popularity Source Credibility Brand Congruence Bloodline/Heredity/ Lineage Buying Intention H2 H1 Figure 1. Research Framework H1 There are no significant differences in the level of effectiveness of endorsement attributes when respondents are grouped according to demographics.H2 Endorsement attributes significantly contribute to buying intention. Methodology Research Design The research was conducted to know the effectiveness of endorsement attributes and its impact to consumer buying intention. The study used Descriptive Diagnostic Method to determine the endorsement attributes and its impact on consumer buying intention. Descriptive research (Kothari,2004) is used for studies that are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular group, whereas Diagnostic research determines the frequency with which something occurs to its association with something else.The data had been carefully studied and statistically interpreted as what they implied. The collection of data was in the form of questionnaires that were floated to the individual respondents. These questionnaires contained specific set apart of questions in order to obtain useful data that would lead the researchers to meet the goals and objectives that were set for the study. Respondents Majority of the respondents were randomly selected when the researchers floated the questionnaires. There were 200 respondents for the study. The respondents in this survey consisted of 101(50. 5%) males and 99(49.5%) females. About 127 (63. 5%) young professional and 73(36. 5%) students. It was discovered that respondents 105(52. 5%) are from the urban area and 95(47. 5) of them come from the rural area. The majority of the respondents nationalities were Filipino with the total number of 109 (54. 5%) respondents followed by the unconnecteders with the number of 91 or a 45. 5 %. Data Gathering Tool Relevant information, researches, and data were gathered finished primary and secondary sources. Primary information and data were generated with the use of questionnaires do and floated by the researchers.These questionnaires were sent out to the consumers who are particularly students and young professional. Part of the questionnaire included direct questions regarding the buying intention of consumers on several factors on the effectiveness of the advertisement. Secondary sources of dat a came from published materials like journals, theses, books that were obtained from Saint Louis University Library and other sources found from reliable websites in the internet. Instrumentation The questionnaire consisted in two thwarts. The world-class block of the questionnaire focuses on the demographic profile of the respondents.The second block of the questionnaire is divided into five parts, with each measuring the physical attractiveness, popularity, source credibility, brand congruency and lineage/bloodline/genetic endowment. On the left, focuses on the level of effectiveness and on the right focuses on the intention to buy. The Likert scale have been used to examine the level of its effectiveness of the endorsement if it is highly effective (4) or highly ineffective (1) and how consumers affect their buying intention where (1) indicates will not buy to (4) will surely buy.Reliability and Validity The questionnaire were well-tried through a pre-float, given to 25 indivi duals, conducted at New Lucban, Baguio City and was proven to be reliable. Cronbachs alpha was used to prove the internal and reliability of the questionnaire. It is commonly used when Likert wanted to determine the reliability of multiple questions in a survey. Reliability Statistic for the questionnaire was conducted with a result of . 863 Cronbachs alpha ratefor the level of effectiveness and . 877 for the intention to buy with an overall rate of .901 which indicates a high level of consistency and reliability for the level of the effectiveness of a questionnaire. An item-total statistics was also conducted, which means the importance of the question in a survey and with Cronbachs alpha rate of . 851. Therefore, the questions have the high level of consistency and reliability and it is valid to use in the survey. Results and Discussion This study aims to identify the endorsement attributes that influence the purchasing/buying intention of the consumers. Endorsement Attributes Ta ble 1. Level of Effectiveness of Endorsement AttributesIndicators Mean SD Sig 1. Physical Attractiveness 2. 8795 .40254 .000 2. Popularity 2. 6075 .30141 .000 3. Source Credibility 3. 1040 .46763 .000 4. Brand Congruency 3. 1550 .61332 .000 5. Lineage/Bloodline/Hereditary 2. 7795 .53980 .000 Physical Attractiveness The overall results revealed that the physical attractiveness of the endorser has a mean average of 2. 8795 (? = 0. 01) has an effect to the consumer on how they endorse clothing. When purchasing clothing, most consumers look into how endorser would feel comfort and look presentable to them. Physical Attractiveness is one important attribute.As consumers wants a product to satisfy certain specific needs. The benefit is also a factor that consumers have in mind when purchasing clothing. Many researches in advertising and communication suggested that physical attractiveness was an important cue in how an individual judge another person at first 30 sights. It is because beau ty usually made a better first impression. Because of increasing use of celebrity endorsement, attractiveness became an important dimension of source credibility (Ohanian, 1991). Popularity Popularity was measured using 12 items an overall mean score of 2.6075 (? = 0. 01) found out that there is a moderate effect with the popularity of the endorser regarding its effectiveness. Items regarding politicians and musicians endorsing had results, which are only slightly effective. This implies that choosing someone who will endorse a certain product also has an effect to the consumer. Leventhal (1994 in Miller 1994) suggests that celebrity endorsements are always a high-risk, high-reward situation and there is always a human element that you never know, and you have to weigh the potential risks vs. the potential rewards.McCracken (1989) suggests that endorsement is successful, when the properties of the celebrity are made the properties of the endorsed product. However, the study by Walke r et al. (1992) found that the endorser, which may have certain attributes that are desirable for endorsing the product, then again, he or she might also have other, even more closely associated attributes that are inappropriate for a specific product. Source Credibility Respondents indicate their level of effectiveness when an endorser possesses trustworthiness and expertise. Source Credibility items was measured with an overall mean score of 3.1040 (? = 0. 01) and found out that it is moderately effective. An honest/sincere person endorses food scored a highest mean of 3. 4400 (? = 0. 01) duration a dependable/reliable individual endorses food items score the concluding mean of 2. 8450 (? = 0. 01). This implies that the personality of the consumers is moderately effective as the influential of the endorser through its knowledge or expertise. Source credibility was the degree to which the receiver would believe the source has certain degree of relevant knowledge and/or expertise and they involve to believe the information offered by the source (Ohanian, 1990).At first, source credibility simply meant endorsers credibility in an advertisement (Aronson, Turner and Carlsmith, 1963). ultimately it was considered as an important factor which might affect consumers purchase intentions and attitudes toward advertising (Lutz, MacKenzie, and Belch, 1983). Brand Congruency An overall average mean of 3. 1550 (? = 0. 01) found out that endorsement on this items are moderately effective. Endorsing gadgets by an individual person that matches his character have an effect towards the consumer. With an overall mean result of 3. 3650 (? = 0.01) ranked the highest by the respondents. While on the other hand, an individual that endorses food items that matches his lifestyle got the mean of 2. 9500 (? = 0. 01) being the lowest in terms of brand congruency. The term congruence is used in several research areas, particularly brand extension, co-branding, sponsoring, and endors ement. In all these cases, the aim is to assess the fit between a brand and another entity (a new product category, another brand, an event, or an individual) (Fleck and Quester, 2007). A variety of terms have been used (congruence, fit, link, match up effect, etc.) but the general concept is the same. Lineage/Bloodline/ Hereditary Respondents indicated that the mean for that of an individual with an alien foreign citizenship who endorses gadgets 2. 7795 (. 03817) revealed that it is slightly effective in relation with their lineage/bloodline/heredity. The overall results revealed that the lineage/bloodline/heredity of the endorser has a mean average of 2. 7795 (. 03817) has an effect to the consumer on how they endorse gadgets. This implies that most consumers tend to buy gadgets which are endorsed by aliens who have a foreign citizenship.Consumer Buying Intention Table 2. Intention to Buy based on the Endorsement Attributes Indicators Mean SD Sig 1. Physical Attractiveness 2. 7215 .29872 .000 2. Popularity 2. 3820 .57176 .000 3. Source Credibility 2. 9005 .34793 .000 4. Brand Congruency 2. 9450 .42494 .000 5. Lineage/Bloodline/Hereditary 2. 4885 .43677 .000 Physical Attractiveness Respondents indicated their intention to buy when an endorser is physically attractive and was measured with an overall mean score of 2. 721 (? = 0. 01) An elegant person who endorses gadgets has the highest mean of 2.5850 (? = 0. 01) while a sexy individual who endorses food items score the lowest mean of 2. 6350 (? = 0. 01) This indicates that the decision of the consumers is that they most believably will not buy as the influence of the endorser with regards through his/her physical attractiveness. Popularity Popularity was measured using 12 items an overall mean score of 2. 3820 (? = 0. 01) revealed that consumers will most likely not to buy in relation with the popularity of the endorser regarding consumers buying intention. Athletes endorsing food items rated a mean of 2.900 0 (? = 0. 01) which is the highest rate among the 12 items. A politician who endorses clothing has the lowest rate with a rated mean of 1. 7500 (? = 0. 01). This implies that athletes who endorse food items have a great influence in a consumers intention to buy goods. Hence, a politician endorsing clothing is not influential as compared to the latter. Food Products especially Cereals has used top-notch athletes to grace the cover of their box for decades. Now, more than ever, the use of celebrity athletes to endorse food products is mainstream advertising.Michael Phelps and Frosted Flakes. Eli and Peyton Manning promoting Double-Stuff-Oreos. No doubt, these celebrity athletes can sell the goods. Source Credibility Respondents indicate their intention to buy when an endorser possess trustworthiness and expertise. Source Credibility items were measured with an overall mean score of 2. 9005 (? = 0. 01) and found out that they will most likely buy. Results of this study found that, hone sty and sincerity was significantly associated with buying intention, in addition, this result coincides with studys result of (Yoon, et al,.1998) as they found that three dimensions of endorser credibility have normal significant with buying intention. A number of empirical studies have found that credible endorsers positively influence consumer attitudes toward brand, advertisement, and consumers purchase intentions (Agrawal& Kamakura, 1995 Kelman 2006 Amos et al. , 2008). Brand Congruency An overall average mean of 2. 9450 (? = 0. 01) found out that the intention of consumers are most likely to buy as there is brand congruency.Endorsing gadgets by an individual person that matches his character have an effect towards the consumer. With an overall mean result of 3. 0250 (? = 0. 01) ranked the highest by the respondents. It is similar based on the nationwide survey under Solar, where 57 percent of selfies said their priorities for the next two years would be to acquire gadgets whil e 49 percent also cited having a car/vehicle. While regarded as the me, me, me times, the Sun Life study suggested that these selfies also aspired to be financially independent by having a business andproperties while waiting to start their own families. This may be because respondents come from the so-called selfie generationa new breed of young adults without financial dependents who form a growing consumer powerhouse in this country. Their typical two-year priority is to splurge on lifestyle-related consumer items like gadgets and cars. (Dumlao, 2013) Lineage/Bloodline/Hereditary The overall results revealed that the lineage/bloodline/heredity of the endorser has a mean average of 2. 2885 (? = 0. 01) this implies that most consumers will most likely not to buy.However, for food items endorsed by either an individual with alien foreign citizenship or a natural born Filipino, the consumers are most likely to buy. This may be because of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs where food belongs to the Biological and Physiological needs which must be satisfied first while mode and gadgets on higher levels like Social Needs and Self-esteem needs. Demographics and Endorsement Attributes Table 3. Demographics and Endorsement Attributes Indicators Demographics Mean SD Sig Physical Attractiveness Filipino 3. 0156 .41481 .000 Foreigner 2. 7165.32016 Popularity homespun 2. 5705 .25552 .002 Urban 2. 6410 .33532 Source Credibility Male 3. 0703 .59170 .000 young-bearing(prenominal) 3. 1384 .29057 Student 3. 3671 .45858 .001 Young Professional 2. 9528 .40254 Rural 3. 1179 .29499 .000 Urban 3. 0914 .58262 Filipino 3. 1991 .61002 .000 Foreigner 2. 9901 .11358 Brand Congruency Male 3. 2475 .73900 .000 Female 3. 0606 .43444 Student 3. 3356 .49367 .000 Young Professional 3. 0512 .65196 Rural 3. 0084 .38028 .000 Urban 3. 2876 .74275 Filipino 3. 3771 .67311 .000 Foreigner 2. 8890 .39594 Lineage/Bloodline/Hereditary Rural 2. 7011 .42011 .000Urban 2. 8505 .62236 Filipino 2. 7055 .64000 .00 0 Foreigner 2. 8681 .37175 Physical Attractiveness In the first of Table 3, it shows that physical attractiveness of an endorser is significant and it has an effect in terms of its nationality. It implies that it is important for an endorser to have the physical qualities of a person whether Filipino or foreign to make the advertisement effective. Bers and Rodin (1984) pointed out that children increasingly focus their comparisons on attributes they regard as personally important as they grow older, with physical attractivene

Fate in Oedipus the King Essay

Tragedy of Oedipus is about pre-destination vs free-will. Fate does play a part in the tragic down fall of Oedipus but it does not mean that his character and disposition has no liability for that. Excessive arrogance and self-confidence of Oedipus is the main cause of his tragedy. He moderates unjustified suspicions against Tiresias and Creon in one place he goes so far as to express some uncertainty about the prophetic natures of oracles and truth of their prophecies.It is simply likely that even a combination of all these would be equal to what Aristotle considered to be a serious hamartia, and it would not be very relevant to the blockage at issue even if he did, for Oedipus has committed incest and parricide years before the action of the play began, and before he exhibited any of the failing mentioned above. It would hardly be logical to say that the gods punished Oedipus for a crime which he was to commit many days later.Another view is that the present failings of Oedipus may be interpreted to means that he was he was always like that, and his tragedy comes due some inherent or innate unsoundness in his character. So he is not a puppet in the hands of fate. But Sophocles also illustrates that it was fate that brought him to Thebes and it was gain fate that he came across someone at where terce highways came together.It was his fate that he married his mother. Above all, fate has played a pivotal role in his life from the very start and has not dealt with him even-handedly. The perceive will as predicted and entitle by the oracle was absolute and it has nothing good about Oedipus. Although certain measures were taken by the King and Queen) to escape from that proclaimed destiny but it became the cause for the tragic downfall of Oedipus.That is the reason that Oedipus says after blinding himself. God. God. / Is there a sorrow greater? /Where shall I find harbor in this world? / My voice is hurled far on a dark wind. / What has God done to me? (Sopho cles 831) Dodds writes about the nature of fate as demonstrated by Oedipus that fate is inevitably and inexorably bound to happen no matter what Oedipus may have done to avoid it (Dodds 21).