Foreign Policy Dilemma of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Foreign Policy Dilemma of China - Essay Example Some of the leaders worked towards the attainment of a new world order, however, others worked to be aligned with international countries towards the race of modernism. Overall, China portrays its image as a peaceful nation with no aggressive aims, but interested in continuous development and growth economically, socially, technologically and diplomatically. The country aims to progress and be regarded as a great power. It regards its sovereignty and homeland solidarity over all other objectives. This paper discusses the dilemmas in Chinese foreign policy in dealing with other countries and forming international relations. There have been many noteworthy changes in the foreign policy of China, which can be noticed by tracing the last fifty years. The changes in leadership brought about changes in the foreign policy such as the governance of Mao Zedong to the governance of Deng Xiaoping were quite contrasting. As far as the foreign policy of Mao Zedong is considered, it was groundbreaking and was intended for a new world order. In the Cold War, Zedong’s government was diplomatic in backing lately autonomous states of Africa and Asia that belonged to the third world countries. However, many of the Chinese leaders were against the Zedong’s policing, as they regarded that China should adhere to the rules of sovereign states and should not intrude in their affairs. Despite this struggle, Chinese foreign policy in the Cold War was more towards ‘ideological militancy’ and backed insurgent Asian and African countries1. With the governance of Deng Xiaoping, the foreign policy of the last leader was rejected wholly. As per his diplomacy, Chinese ‘external relations’ were required to be normalized. The new foreign policy ignored already developed close ties with developing countries and intended to make close ties with industrial countries to obtain the externalized supplies of ‘capital and  technology’ for Chinese needs. After Xiaoping's economic reforms, Chinese foreign policy intended for internal modernization with the support of external sources.

Decision Analysis Essay Example for Free

Decision Analysis Essay Finally, some typical problem classes are examined and some requirements for prototypical structures are discussed. An introduction to problem structuring Decision analysis can be divided into four steps: structuring the problem; formulating inference and preference models; eliciting probabilities and utilities; and exploring the numerical model results. Prac* This research was supported by a grant from the Department of Defense and was monitored by the Engineering Psychology Programs of the Office of Naval Research, under contract While writing this paper, the author discussed the problem of structuring extensively with Helmut Jungermann. The present version owes much to his thought. Please don’t take footnote 3 too seriously. It is part of a footnote war between Ralph Keeney and me. ** Presently with the Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 741-6955. 12 D. von Winterfeldt /Structuring decision problems titioners of decision analysis generally agree that structuring is the most important and difficult step of the analysis. Yet, until recently, decision analytic research has all but ignored structuring, concentrating instead on questions of modeling and elicitation. As a result, structuring was, and to some extent still is, considered the ‘art’ part of decision analysis. This paper examines some attempts to turn this art into a science. Trees are the most common decision analytic structures. Decision trees, for example, represent the sequential aspects of a decision problem (see Raiffa 1968; Brown et al. 1974). Other examples are goal trees for the representations of values (Keeney and Raiffa 1976) and event trees for the representation f inferential problem aspects (Kelly and Barclay 1973). In fact, trees so much dominate decision analytic structures that structuring is often considered synonymous to building a tree.

Essay --

El Salvador (The republic of The Savior) is known to be the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America. San Salvador has been announced as the Capital City. It is considered to an important cultural and commercial center for the whole Central America. It borders with Guatemala, Honduras, The Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Fonseca. It’s the only country in this region not on the Caribbean Sea. El Salvador has a large presence of mountains and is also known as the Land of Volcanoes. Hence, most part of it is on a fertile volcanic plateau about 2,000 ft (607 m) high. 5,744,113 people composed predominantly of Mestizos. Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America to mean a person of combined European and Amerindian descent. Other include 12% white, 1% Indigenous. The colon was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar. Based on the research carried out in 2010, El Salvador ranked 12th among the Latin American countries in the category of Human Development Index and fourth in Central America and is increasing rapidly when it comes to the industrial sector. Government: †¢ President – Maruicio Funes †¢ Vice president – Salvador Ceren †¢ Speaker Of the Assembly – Sigfrido Morales †¢ Supreme Court President – Jose Balermino Jaime Legislature: †¢ Legislative Assembly - A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws. Area: †¢ Total – 21,040 Sq Km (153rd in the world) †¢ Water – 1.4% Gross Domestic Product (GDP): †¢ According to an estimate from 2012, the GDP of El Salvador stands at 23.79 billion USD. †¢ Per Capita accordingly is 3,855$‎ Gross National Product (GNP): †¢ According to an estimate from... ...ed a lot of wars and revolutions against other Central American republics. †¢ In 1969, El Salvador went on a war with the Honduras as the Honduran’s were deporting several thousands of Salvadorans. The four day war was later named as the ‘Football War’ as it broke out during a football match between the two countries. †¢ The 12 year Civil War, which was fought between the Military-led government and the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN). This War dated from 1979 – 1992. †¢ El Salvador also had its fair share in World War II, War on Terror and the United States Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965- 66). Independence †¢ El Salvador achieved its independence on September 15th, 1821 from Spain and was recognized by Spain as a separate nation in 1865. Whereas, recognition from the Greater Republic of Central America was achieved in November 13, 1898.

Elementary School and Middle School Essay

Transitioning from elementary school to middle school is something we all have or had to do! Most kids cringe at the thought of making this huge step in life. For many students this transition can be a time of mixed emotions. Having been through this experience, I will compare and contrast the two, hoping that this will give you a clear picture of elementary and middle school. Elementary and middle school have distinguishable characteristics. In elementary schools, you basically have your homeroom teacher and one other teacher. The movement of students is very limited and you are mostly escorted by a teacher. Teachers are more understanding and are not as demanding because of the student’s age. Fun days are set aside as an award for students that have done what is expected of them. Most of the children are placed in classroom with the same students each year. Elementary school is very important in our young student’s lives; this is where it all starts. However, middle school students are expected to execute their daily tasks without assistance. Teachers are there to direct the students in right direction; everything else is left up to the student. Middle school students have several different classes, in each class it is usually a different teacher. Students have lockers to store their books and other supplies. In middle school students are required to be more independent and serious about school. Elementary school set the pace for all other levels of schooling. Students enter elementary school learning all the basic aspects of school system and the learning process. At this stage in life most students are eager to learn and get excited to learn new things. Elementary is the main point of delivery, it introduces social skills, behavioral adjustments, and basic academic learning. Middle school prepares students for higher education. Ultimately, middle school bridges the gap between elementary and high school. It is definitely a different experience than elementary, but it prepares students for their future and encourages them to be more independent. Elementary schools and middle schools also have common qualities. They are both open Monday through Friday on the same days. Each day students eat lunch at a designated time. All students are expected to sit in desks in an appropriate manner. Teachers require students to be respectful and display good behavior at all times. Homework is given on a daily basis and class discussions are routine also. School is essentially school with minor differences. Each school level has its own pro’s and con’s, they are also very similar. They each have their own benefiting factors and they are used to their advantage. School systems up this way because it is initially what works in our culture. Elementary and middle schools are stepping stones that that help us get from one place to another in our academic life. Each level is an important standpoint for academic excellence and they should be taken seriously so that you can be an effective student/learner.

Harvard Writing Style

Library Guide on Harvard Citing and Referencing Contents Introduction2 Choosing a reference style2 What is referencing? 2 Why reference? 2 When to reference? (Plagiarism)3 In-text references4 Reference List5 Abbreviations5 Examples6 Authors6 Books8 Book8 Book chapter8 e-book from a database8 e-book from the Internet9 Encyclopaedia or dictionary9 Secondary citation9 No date10 Journal articles10 Journal article10 e-journal article from a database10 In press article11 Magazine article – no author11 Newspaper articles11 Newspaper article11Newspaper article from a database11 Internet sources12 Discussion list message12 Newsgroup message12 Blogs12 Website documents13 Course notes13 Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve13 Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve13 Course notes from Online @ RMIT14 Reports14 Government publications14 Parliamentary debates14 Australian Bureau of Statistics15 Legislation and Legal cases15 Legislation15 Legal cases15 Other sources1 6 Conference paper16 Thesis16 Patent16 CD-ROM16 Film, video, TV and radio program17Personal communication17 Bibliography17 Introduction The author-date system originated at Harvard University, and although they no longer produce a standard guide to referencing, a version of the author-date system is still commonly referred to as the Harvard style. Other author-date referencing styles include: Chicago, APA and MLA. The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. Each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers.The full details of these references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list. There are many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system. This document is meant only as a guide. It is important that you check with your School as to what they require for referencing. You may be penalised for not conforming to your Schoolâ⠂¬â„¢s requirements. Further details and examples may be found in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002). Electronic resources are not adequately addressed in theStyle manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) and so the principles of author-date citing have been applied in developing those examples. The information and examples are derived from the following source: Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Choosing a reference style The style (i. e. order in which the details of a reference are cited) may vary depending on the requirements of your department, lecturer or supervisor. Some Schools produce their own guidelines for citing references.Check with your School whether they have a preferred Referencing Style. The Library also has a Style Manuals page (http://www. rmit. edu. au/library/reference/manuals) that provides links to websites on various referencing styles. What is referencing? Referencing an information source used in an academic work means to employ a standardised method of acknowledging that source. The full details of the source must be given. All information used in your assignment, thesis, etc. , whether published, or unpublished, must be referenced. Why reference? When writing a piece of academic work (ie. essay, thesis, etc. you are required to acknowledge the sources of information that you have used: Oto prove that your work has a substantial, factual basis Oto show the research you've done to reach your conclusions Oto allow your readers to identify and retrieve the references for their own use Information obtained from the Internet is covered by copyright law. For this reason it is important to cite Internet references just as you would cite print references. Many style guide producers have extended the system used for print resources and applied this to electronic resources. A date of access is very useful as Internet resources change rapidly.When to refere nce? (Plagiarism) You must reference all sources used in a particular work whether you are: Odirectly copying the words of another author (quoting), or Oputting their ideas into your own words (paraphrasing) If you do not acknowledge these sources, then you are plagiarising their work. Plagiarism is defined as the taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another. It is a very serious academic offence, and may result in your work being failed automatically. There is more information on this subject in Copyright, plagiarism and fair use[-;0] (http://www. rmit. edu. u/library/info-trek/copyright). RMIT University definition of plagiarism RMIT has an assessment charter, which elaborates key responsibilities common to all staff and students in relation to assessment and defines the University’s policy on plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined (RMIT 2003a) as stealing somebody’s intellectual property (IP) by presenting their work, thoughts or ideas as tho ugh they are your own. It is cheating. It is a serious academic offence and can lead to expulsion from RMIT. Plagiarism can take many forms – written, graphic and visual forms, and includes use of electronic data and material used in oral presentations.Plagiarism may even occur unintentionally, such as when the origin of the material used is not properly cited. What constitutes plagiarism? Under the charter, you may be accused of plagiarism if you do any of the following: OCopy sentences or paragraphs word-for-word from any source, whether published or unpublished (including, but not limited to books, journals, reports, theses, websites, conference papers, course notes, etc. ) without proper citation. OClosely paraphrase sentences, paragraphs, ideas or themes without proper citation. OPiece together text from one or more sources and add only linking sentences without proper citation.OCopy or submit whole or parts of computer files without acknowledging their source. OCopy des igns or works of art and submit them as your original work. OCopy a whole or any part of another student’s work. OSubmit work as your own that someone else has done for you. Enabling Plagiarism is the act of assisting or allowing another person to plagiarise your own work (RMIT 2003a). It is also a serious academic offence. More detail on what constitutes plagiarism is found in the January 2003 Policy: Plagiarism (http://mams. rmit. edu. au/1oavdg0bdd1. pdf). What is the penalty for plagiarism? Plagiarism is not permitted in RMIT University.Any use of another person’s work or ideas must be acknowledged. If you fail to do this, you may be charged with academic misconduct and face a penalty under RMIT Regulations 6. 1. 1 – Student Discipline (http://mams. rmit. edu. au/j4lb68xx36oj1. pdf. ) Penalties for plagiarism (RMIT 2003c) include: Orecording of a failure for the assignment or course Ocancellation of any or all results Osuspension from the program Oexpulsion from the program Acknowledgement: The information in this section on Plagiarism has been supplied from the Written reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation (RMIT Business 2003, p. 5).In-text references In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details. Page numbers are essential if directly quoting from a work, use single quotation marks and relevant page number. If a work being referred to is long then page numbers may be useful to the reader. For example: Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the theory. OR The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).For example: Larsen (1971, p. 245) noted ‘many of the facts in this case are incorrect’. OR ’Many of the facts in this case are incorr ect’ (Larsen 1971, p. 245). For example: Larsen (1971, p. 245) questions certain aspects of this case. OR Many aspects of this case have been questioned (Larsen 1971, p. 245). If citing multiple works at one point in the text it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. For example: Other studies of globalization focus on its cultural and human implications (Bauman 1998; Tomlinson 1999). Reference ListAt the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text. In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be listed separately as a bibliography. The same method of presentation is used for both a list of references and a bibliography. The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting with the earliest date. For example: Jones, AB 2000, †¦ Jones, B 1 995, †¦ Smith, AK 1990, †¦ Smith, AK 1995, †¦ Stein, B 2003 †¦ Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, †¦ Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, †¦Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, †¦ Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, †¦ Young, JC 1988a, †¦ Young, JC 1988b, †¦ The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal article, website, etc. In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date – title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic). Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the citation finishes with a full stop.Abbreviations Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include: app. c. ch. ed. (eds. )edn. et al. n. d. n. p. no. p. , pp. para. pt. rev. suppl. vol. vols. |appendixcircachapter editor (Editors)edition and othersno dateno placenumberpage/sparagraphpartrevised supplementvolume (as in Vol. 4) volumes (as in 4 volumes) | Examples Authors Whatever type of work you are referencing, the way you list the authors’ names depends on the number of authors. |In-text citation|Reference list| One author|(Jones 1995) or Jones (1995) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦|Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake! technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. | Two or three authorsWhere there is more than one author, the in-text citation in parentheses will use an ampersand (&) to join them, whilst if the reference is part of the sentence you use the word ‘ and . ’|(Stein & Reynolds 2000) or Stein and Reynolds (2000) argue†¦.. |Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York. | Four or more authorsIf there are four or more authors only include the first author in your in-text citation, adding the words ‘ et al. meaning ‘and others. ’ However the Reference List should include all authors. |(Yarbro et al. 2000) or Yarbro et al. (2000) have found†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦|Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Cancer nursing, 5th edn, Jones and Bartlett, Boston. | Multiple works at one point in the textAuthors’ names should be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. |(Bauman 1998; Tomlinson 1999)|Bauman, Z 1998, Globalization and culture, Polity Press, Oxford. Tomlinson, J 1999, Globalization: the human consequences, Routledge, London. |Several works by same first author and yearSingle author entries precede references with multiple authors beginning with the same name. A 2-em rule can be used to replace the authors’ name(s) that are repeated. |(Heyland 2001) or Heyland (2001) reports†¦.. (Heyland & Novak 2001) or Heyland and Novak (2001) reports†¦.. |Heyland, DK 2001, ‘In search of the magic nutraceutical: problems with current approaches’, Journal of nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p. 2591S. —— & Novak, F 2001, ‘Immunonutrition in the critically ill patient: more harm than good? ’, JPEN: Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2, p. S51. | Several works by same author and yearIf you are referring to several works by the same author or group of authors from the same year, designate these a, b, c, †¦. with the order of the listing based on the letter-by-letter alphabetical order of the title of the work. |(Porter 2001a) (Porter 2001b) or Porter (2001a) states†¦. or according to Porter (2001b) †¦|Porter, ME 2001a, ‘Japan: what went wrong', Wall Street Journal – Eastern Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p. A22. —- 2001b, ‘Strategy and the Internet', Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62. No author givenWher e an item has no named author it is cited by its title. |Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) orAccording to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) †¦|Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. | Editor/sUse the abbreviation ed. for editor or eds. for multiple editors. |(eds. Muller, Cloete & Badat 2001)oredited by Muller, Cloete and Badat (2001)|Muller, J, Cloete, N & Badat, S (eds. ) 2001, Challenges of globalisation: South African debates with Manuel Castells, Maskew Miller Longman, Pinelands, Cape Town. Books Book Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication. Example: Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake! : technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Book chapter Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Pu blisher, Place of publication, Page number(s). Examples: Crawford, RJ 1998, ‘Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18. orChristians, CG 2000, ‘Ethics and politics in qualitative research’, in Denzin NK & Lincoln YS Handbook of qualitative research, 2nd edn, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 133-154. e-book from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you shou ld cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the internet give the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name.Example: Kung, SY, Mak, MW & Lin, SH 2004, Biometric authentication: a machine learning approach, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. , viewed 5 August 2005, Safari Tech Books Online. e-book from the Internet Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended t o choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the internet give the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, .Example: Chen, C & Farruggia, S 2002, ‘Culture and adolescent development’, in Lonner, WJ, Dinnel, DL, Hayes, SA & Sattler, DN (eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 11, Chapter 2, Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA, viewed 15 September 2005, . Encyclopaedia or dictionary Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should be cited in the i n-text reference only, NOT in the Reference List. Examples: (Literacy in America: an encyclopedia 2001, p. 25) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines it as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Secondary citationWhile primary sources are essential, sometimes the source you wish to refer to may be unavailable and you must refer to someone else's citation of that source. This is a secondary source and in this case you must include both names in the in-text reference. The Reference List example would include only the source you have seen. In-text citation example: MacDonald (1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) states †¦ or (MacDonald 1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) Reference List example: Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2003, Research methods for business students, 3rd edn, Pearson Educational, Essex, p. 8. No date Works that do not have a publication date may be cited using the expression n. d. (no date). In-text citation example: (B rown n. d. ) or Brown (n. d. ) Reference List example: Brown, S n. d. B. B. Bernard, Sunshine Press, London. Journal articles Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the journal name. Do not use capital letters for words such as on, for, in, and example: The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy Journal article Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s).Example: Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, ‘An analysis of isothermal phase change of phase change material within rectangular and cylindrical containers', Solar Energy, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 51-61. e-journal article from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic j ournal articles. If a journal article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. as an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a journal article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s), viewed day month year, database name. Example:Easthope, G 2004, ‘Consuming health: the market for complementary and alternative medicine', Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-75, viewed 30 March 2005, A ustralian Public Affairs Full Text. In press article Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials in press, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, viewed day month year, database name (if applicable). Example: Mundermann, A, Wakeling, JM, Nigg, BM, Humble, RN & Stefanyshyn, DJ in press, ‘Foot orthoses affect frequency components of muscle activity in the lower extremity ‘, Gait and posture, viewed 15 September 2005, ScienceDirect.Magazine article – no author Note: if the magazine article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example: Electronics Weekly (11 July 2007, p. 4) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Newspaper articles Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the newspaper name. Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example: The Australian (10 J uly 2002, p. 1) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Newspaper article Format:Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s). Example: Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, ‘Hormone alert for cancer’, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1. Newspaper article from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic newspaper articles. If a newspaper article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. s an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a newspaper article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s), viewed day month year, name of database.Example: Timmins, N 2005, ‘Delay raises doubt in public sector’, Financial Times, 20 July, viewed 21 July 2005, Factiva. Internet sources Discussion list message Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . Example: Shively, E 1997, ‘CA pre-1967 information’, list server, 1 July, Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, viewed 3 July 2003, . Newsgroup message Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of newsgroup owner, viewed da y month year, .Example: Milinkovich, M 2005, ‘Oracle PL/SQL in Eclipse’, newsgroup, 12 July, News. Eclipse. Technology, 15 September 2005, , Blogs Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . Example: Steffen, A 2005, ‘Bird flu can we out-collaborate a pandemic? ’ blog, 15 August, World Changing: another world is here, viewed 15 September 2005, . Website documents Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.If quoting or paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either:  ·a section heading, (eg. Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section)  ·a paragraph number (eg. Stone 2004, para. 11) Format: Author/editor. Year of document, Title of document, name of the sponsor of the source, date of viewing, . Reference list example: Stone, A 2004, Headaches due to Wind Cold, Al Stone Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines, viewed 10 September 2006, ; http://beyondwellbeing. com/headaches/wind-cold. shtml ;. In-text citation example:It is stated that: â€Å"this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies† (Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section) or It is stated that: â€Å"this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies† (Stone 2004, para. 11) Course notes Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library.Example: Dixon, C 2002, Mechanical design 2: project resource material, course notes fromMIET1068, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University L ibrary. Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library . Example: Holland, J 2004, Lecture notes 3: bulldozers and land clearing, course notes from CIVE1057, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library 1];. Course notes from Online @ RMIT Format:Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, [email  protected] Example: Smith, H 2005, Metadata, course notes from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8 July 2005, [email  protected] Reports Government publications These may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Titl e of report, Report series code and number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher, Place of publication.Examples: Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher education : meeting new challenges : report of the IMHE project on policies for academic staffing in higher education, Higher education policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London. OR Australia, Parliament 1976, Department of Foreign Affairs annual report 1975, Parl. Paper 142, Canberra. Many government publications are available on the Internet. The following document appeared as a Parliamentary paper, but is also available from the relevant authority's website. The way you access a document may affect your citation. Examples:Australia, Parliament 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, Parl. Paper 32, Canberra. 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Endangered Species Criteria and Definition

Endangered Species Criteria and Definition What Are Endangered Species? Rare, endangered, or threatened plants and animals are elements of our natural heritage that are declining rapidly or are on the verge of vanishing. They are plants and animals that exist in small numbers that may be lost forever if we do not take quick action to stop their decline. If we cherish these species, like we do other rare and beautiful objects, these living organisms become treasures of the highest magnitude. Why Preserve Endangered Plants and Animals? Preservation of plants and animals is important, not only because many of these species are beautiful, or can provide economic benefits for us in the future, but because they already provide us many valuable services. These organisms clean air, regulate our weather and water conditions, provide control for crop pests and diseases, and offer a vast genetic library from which we can withdraw many useful items. Extinction of a species could potentially mean the loss of a cure for cancer, a new antibiotic drug, or a disease-resistant strain of wheat. Each living plant or animal may have values yet undiscovered. Scientists estimate there are thirty to forty million species on earth. Many of these species are represented by dozens of genetically distinct populations. We know very little about most species; less than two million are even described. Oftentimes, we do not even know when a plant or animal becomes extinct. Game animals and a few insects are watched and studied. Other species need attention too. Perhaps in them may be found a cure for the common cold or a new organism that will prevent millions of dollars of loss to farmers in their constant fight against crop diseases. There are many examples of a species value to society. An antibiotic was discovered in the soils of the threatened New Jersey Pine Barrens Natural Area. A species of perennial corn was found in Mexico; it is resistant to several diseases of corn. An insect was discovered that when frightened produces an excellent insect-repelling chemical. Why Have Species Become Endangered? Habitat Loss Loss of habitat or the native home of a plant or animal is usually the most important cause of endangerment. Nearly all plants and animals require food, water, and shelter to survive, just as humans do. Humans are highly adaptable, however, and can produce or gather a wide variety of foods, store water, and create their own shelter from raw material or carry it on their backs in the form of clothing or tents. Other organisms cannot. Some plants and animals are highly specialized in their habitat requirements. A specialized animal in North Dakota is the piping plover, a small shorebird which nests only on bare sand or gravel on islands of rivers or shorelines of alkali lakes. Such animals are much more likely to become endangered through habitat loss than a generalist like the mourning dove, which nests successfully on the ground or in trees in the country or city. Some animals are dependent on more than one habitat type and need a variety of habitats near each other to survive. For example, many waterfowl depend on upland habitats for nest sites  and nearby wetlands for food supplies for themselves and their broods. It must be emphasized that habitat does not have to be completely eliminated to lose its usefulness to an organism. For example, the removal of dead trees from a forest may leave the forest relatively intact, but eliminate certain woodpeckers that depend on dead trees for nest cavities. The most serious habitat loss totally changes the habitat and renders it unfit for most of its original resident organisms. In some areas, the greatest changes come from plowing native grasslands, draining wetlands, and constructing flood-control reservoirs. Exploitation Direct exploitation of many animals and some plants took place before conservation laws were enacted. In some places, exploitation was usually for human food or furs. Some animals, such as Audubons sheep, were hunted to extinction. Others such as the grizzly bear, maintain remnant populations elsewhere. Disturbance The frequent presence of man and his machines may cause some animals to abandon an area, even if the habitat is not harmed. Some large raptors, like the golden eagle, fall into this category. Disturbance during the critical nesting period is especially harmful. Disturbance combined with exploitation is even worse. What Are The Solutions? Habitat protection is the key to protecting our rare, threatened, and endangered species. A species cannot survive without a home. Our first priority in protecting a species is to ensure its habitat remains intact. Habitat protection can be done in a variety of ways. Before we can protect a plants or animals habitat, we need to know where this habitat is found. The first step, then, is to identify where these vanishing species are found. This is being accomplished today by state and federal agencies and conservation organizations. Second to identification is planning for protection and management. How can the species and its habitat be best protected, and once protected, how can we make sure the species continues healthy in its protected home? Each species and habitat is different and must be planned on a case-by-case basis. A few protection and management efforts have proven effective for several species, however. Endangered Species List Legislation was passed to protect the most endangered species in the United States. These special species cannot be destroyed nor can their habitat be eliminated. They are marked in the endangered species list by an *. Several federal and state agencies are beginning to manage threatened and endangered species on public lands. Recognition of private landowners who have voluntarily agreed to protect rare plants and animals is underway. All these efforts need to continue and be expanded to keep our natural heritage alive.​ This resource is based on the following source: Bry, Ed, ed. 1986. The rare ones. North Dakota Outdoors 49(2):2-33. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page. npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/rareone/rareone.htm (Version 16JUL97).

Plant and Animal Cells Essays - Cell Biology, Plant Cell, Cell

Plant and Animal Cells Essays - Cell Biology, Plant Cell, Cell Plant and Animal Cells subject = Honors Biology title = PLant and Animal Cells Plant and Animal Cells I. Introduction All organisms in life are composed of at least one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of life. There are three main features of a cell. First, all organisms consist of one or more cells. Second, cells are the smallest units of life and third, cells arise only from preexisting cells. These three facts are referred to as the cell theory. All cells can be categorized into two basic cell types. They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To distinguish where cells are placed in the two categories, what is inside the cell must first be looked at. Every cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic all contain basic cell parts. They are: a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (the genetic material), and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure and they are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. Also, most prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall. In addition to having the basic cell parts, eukaryotic cells also contain a membrane-bounded nucleus and cell organelles. The membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Most of the cells we used in the experiments held, were multicellular or consisting of more than one cell. A variety of cells were used in completing the experiments. We used union cells, cheek cells, potato cells, and Elodeo cells. We also used Planaria which is a unicellular organism. Many stains and dyes were used in the experiments. They were water, methylene blue, salts, and iodine. In our studies of cells, we conducted three experiments to test the different features of cells. The first two experiments were on how membranes were selectively permeable, diffusion, and osmosis. To test this, we set up two experiments. The first experiment we set up had three cups. In each cup a potato slice and a different liquid was put in. In the first cup was filled with distilled water. The second cup was filled with salt water and the third was left empty. We left these cups sit for twenty- four hours and then we observed them. The second experiment we set up involved dialysis tubing which was acting like a membrane. In the dialysis tubing we put a liquid that was made of starches and sugars. We then put the dialysis tubing into a beaker of water which had a few drops of iodine. We left this over time and observed it. Our third experiment dealt with the different parts of a cell. To complete this we had to make wet-mount slides and observe them under a light microscope. To prepare a wet-mount slide you must first obtain your specimen you are going to look at. You then put the specimen on a clean glass slide in the middle. Next, you take a medicine dropper and place one drop of water on the specimen. After that, you hold a clean coverslip and place the bottom edge of the coverslip in the drop of water. Next, slowly lower the rest of the coverslip so that there are no air bubbles, onto the remaining part of the specimen. By putting specimens into wet-mount slides it saves a lot of time and energy instead of putting them into set slides. Also, a wet-mount slide can be cleaned and re-used. We put onion cells, cheek cells, and Elodeo cells into wet- mount slides. After we made slides for each one we observe them under the microscope. For some of the cells, we had to apply a dye to have make the cell more visible under the microscope. Methylene blue was applied to the cheek cells and iodine to the onion cells. To see the cheek cells, we had to reduce the amount of light coming into the microscope. We had to do this because when we reduced the amount of light, we could see the cells more clear. Elodeo cells were observed as a wet-mount slide and also with salt water. To apply a die to a previously made wet-mount slide, an edge of the coverslip must be lifted just enough to get the dropper under the apply the dye. At first, some of the epidermal cells of the onion were folded. This indicates that the cells were thick and there was more than one layer of cells. II. Discussion In the experiment involving the three cups and the potato slices, we observed the different amounts of turgor pressure. In the cup with the distilled water, the turgor pressure increased. Turgor pressure is the